Academic procrastination and academic performance: Do learning disabilities matter?
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Amotivation leads to disengagement, higher procrastination, and lower academic adjustment.
“Their high levels of procrastination significantly impair their academic adjustment and performance [48–50] found that amotivation leads to disengagement, higher procrastination, and lower academic adjustment, which aligns with this profile.”
From Academic motivation, procrastination, and adjustment: Exploring their impact on student profiles and academic performance (2025) · cites this paper as [48]
High procrastinators score lower on objective measures of GPA.
“Prior research has established a persuasive negative relationship between academic procrastination and achievement in school. High procrastinators score lower on objective measures of GPA [48,52].”
From Academic motivation, procrastination, and adjustment: Exploring their impact on student profiles and academic performance (2025) · cites this paper as [48]
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Peixoto, E. M., Pallini, A. C., Vallerand, R. J., Rahimi, S., & Silva, M. V. (2021) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-021-09636-9 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
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“This experience leads them to non-adaptive coping behaviors (Hen, 2018), including the tendency to avoid and postpone academic tasks (Goroshit & Hen, 2019; Hen & Goroshit, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNwosu, K. C., Ikwuka, O. I., Ugorji, O. M., & Unachukwu, G. C. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology · doi:10.21432/cjlt27890 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Academic procrastination has negative effects on students’ academic outputs (Goroshit & Hen, 2019; Kim & Nembhard, 2019) and well-being (Duru & Balkis, 2017).”
BackgroundTurner, M., & Hodis, F. A. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09838-x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…success, with chronic procrastinators having lower GPAs, assignment grades, and exam scores than non-procrastinators (Akpur, 2020; Day et al., 2000; Goroshit & Hen, 2019; Kim & Seo, 2015; Kim et al., 2017; Klas-sen et al., 2008; Steel, 2007; Steel & Klingsieck, 2016; Tao et al., 2021; Tian et…”
Wang, Q., Kou, Z., Du, Y., Wang, K., & Xu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.789505 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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“This result is even more significant if we bear in mind the results from Goroshit and colleagues, who—in the context of face to face education—found lower levels of self-regulation in SLD [48].”
ResultAntón, L. J. M., Aramayo-Ruiz, K. P., Rodríguez-Sáez, J. L., & Manzanares, M. C. S. (2022) · Educación XX1 · doi:10.5944/educxx1.31553 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Relationship between Academic Procrastination and Attributions of Achievement Motivation
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“In the research prepared by Goroshit and Hen (2019), the relationship between academic procrastination and academic performance, and the moderating role of learning disabilities in this relationship, concluding that a high level of procrastination could be more detrimental to the academic…”
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Sarid, M., & Lipka, O. (2023) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-023-00677-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The ASE of students with LD was found to be lower than that of their peers (Ben-Naim et al., 2017, Hen & Goroshit, 2014); they procrastinate with respect to their academic tasks more than their peers without disabilities do (Goroshit & Hen, 2021) and report lower self-worth (Shany et al., 2013).”
Ghasempour, S., Babaei, A., Nouri, S., Basirinezhad, M. H., & Abbasi, A. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01731-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between students’ academic procrastination and GPA [46].”
BackgroundPutting Off Until Tomorrow: Academic Procrastination, Perfectionism, and Fear o Failure
Sudirman, S. A., Reza, F. A., Yusri, N. A., & Rina, R. (2023) · International Journal of Islamic Educational Psychology · doi:10.18196/ijiep.v4i1.17576 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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“This means that there is no relationship between major subjects, grade point average (GPA), and academic procrastination among freshmen students.”
BackgroundInfluentialChen, B., Zhang, H., & Li, S. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14111232 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Fernández, R., & Brenlla, M. E. (2022) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-11-2021-0413 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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“Students who achieve high scores typically possess greater self-ef fi cacy and goal orientation, thereby reducing tendencies to procrastinate (Goroshit & Hen, 2021).”
Harris-Reeves, B., Pearson, A., & Massa, H. (2022) · Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice · doi:10.53761/1.19.3.15 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The possible contribution of procrastination and perception of self-efficacy to academic achievement
Shaked, L., & Altarac, H. (2023) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2022.2102414 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Studies by Balkis (2013), Goroshit and Hen (2019), Jones and Blankenship (2020), Kim and Seo (2015), Richardson, Danielson, and Samdal (2012) and Steel (2007) found a negative correlation between academic procrastination and students’ achievements.”
BackgroundWang, L., Chung, K. K. H., & Jhuo, R.-A. (2024) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-024-10520-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“This design was based on past similar studies that recruited students at similar educational levels (e.g., Goroshit & Hen, 2021).”
Anam, M. K., & Hitipeuw, I. (2022) · KnE Social Sciences · doi:10.18502/kss.v7i1.10221 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Pisula, E., Płatos, M., Banasiak, A., Danielewicz, D., Gosztyła, T., Podgórska-Jachnik, D., Pyszkowska, A., Rumińska, A., & Winczura, B. (2024) · Oficyna Wydawnicza "Impuls" eBooks · doi:10.62634/9788382943139 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the academic procrastination scale in Spanish university students
Antón, L. J. M., Almedia, L. S., Manzanares, M. C. S., Álvarez‐Cañizo, M., & Carbonero, M. Á. (2022) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2022.2117791 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Öztekin, G. G., Rizzo, A., Alkhulayfi, A. M. A., & Yıldırım, M. (2025) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-025-00323-w · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effect of time attitude on academic performance of high school students: a moderated mediation model
Fang, L., Liu, T., Zhang, T., & Liu, S. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06805-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“However, most studies have used adults or college students as samples to explore the negative effects of academic procrastination (Cole et al., 2017 ; Eisenbeck et al., 2019; Goroshit & Hen, 2021).”
Sarwar, S., Tara, A. N., Abid, M. N., & Dukhaykh, S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02352-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Research has consistently shown that academic procrastination negatively affects students’ education (e.g., academic performance: [41] health (e.g., psychological distress; Johansson et al., [42], and emotional well-being (e.g., negative emotions: Munda & Tiwari, [43]).”
Rational and Irrational Beliefs in Understanding Academic Procrastination
Li, X., Zhou, M., & Zhang, X. (2021) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2021.1997895 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In this sense, procrastination is characterized by a maladaptive, dysfunctional, or involuntary behavior that detracts from individuals’ productivity, learning, and overall achievement (Ackerman & Gross, 2005; Goroshit & Hen, 2019; Steel, 2007; Strong, Wambach, Lopez, & Cooper, 1979).”
BackgroundErgüleç, F., Kara, A., & Eren, E. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03136-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Versão brasileira da Tuckman Procrastination Scale: adaptação e evidências psicométricas
Couto, R. N., da Fonsêca, P. N., da Silva, P. G. N., de Medeiros, É. D., & Carvalho, T. A. (2020) · Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology · doi:10.30849/ripijp.v54i3.863 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ch'ng, L. T. X., & Hoo, P. Y. S. (2022) · Advanced Journal of Social Science · doi:10.21467/ajss.11.1.13-27 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…was found to have negatively affected students' academic achievement, academic performance, and life satisfaction (Duru & Balkis, 2017; Goroshit & Hen, 2019; Özer & Saçkes, 2011; Vargas, 2017), where it is also associated with stress, anxiety, depression, and personality disorder…”
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Kamyabi, M., Nekooie, M., Abaei, N. H., & Zade, A. B. (2024) · مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان · doi:10.61186/jrums.22.12.1259 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kumari, R., Satyam, S. M., Bairy, L. K., Rehman, A., Shetty, P., & Mohammed, C. A. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-05819-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Individuals with learning disabilities often suffer from low self-esteem and self-efficacy, set low expectations for themselves, struggle with underachievement, and have few friends [26].”
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“High procrastinators score lower on objective measures of GPA [48,52].”
InfluentialAssociation between procrastination and academic dropout intention in university students
Delgado-García, M., García-Prieto, F. J., López-Aguilar, D., & Ceínos-Sanz, C. (2025) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101506 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kuai, F., Wu, X., Zhou, X., & Liu, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1700750 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Academic procrastination not only leads to explicit consequences such as significant declines in Grade Point Average (GPA) (2) and delays in dissertation completion (3), but also demonstrates a significant negative correlation with mental health indicators such as anxiety/depression levels and sleep quality (4).”
Xu, Y., Azhar, A., Rehman, N., & Yaseen, F. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105582 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mastrokoukou, S., Kaliris, A., & Longobardi, C. (2025) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194251391831 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“According to the relevant literature, academic procrastination is generally regarded as being negatively associated with academic performance (Goroshit & Hen, 2021; Stead et al., 2010).”
Nabila, R. (2023) · Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan · doi:10.47134/jtp.v1i2.169 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sarid, M. (2024) · Journal of College Student Retention Research Theory & Practice · doi:10.1177/15210251241246765 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…manifested by problems with executive function in areas such as meeting deadlines, organizing and attending to the details of college assignments (Skinner & Lindstrom, 2003), procrastination (Goroshit & Hen, 2021), note-taking (Boyle & Forchelli, 2014), and low self-ef fi cacy (Sarid & Lipka, 2023).”
InfluentialMao, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2024.2407426 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…that procrastination negatively impacts not only individuals’ learning and achievement (e.g., course withdrawal and poor academic performance) (Goroshit & Hen, 2021; Kim & Seo, 2015; Rothblum et al., 1986), but also physical and mental health (e.g., poor sleep quality, increased stress,…”
Morningness and academic burnout among university students: the mediating role of procrastination
Önder, İ., Önder, A. N., & Yıldırım, E. G. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02969-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Altındağ, İ., & Erdi̇rençelebi̇, M. (2025) · Uluslararası Sosyal ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.20860/ijoses.1788293 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Liu, J., Liu, R., Hong, W., & Lin, J. (2025) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105551 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Benlahcene, A., Shorouk, A., Taddese, E. T., & Govindarajoo, M. V. (2026) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2026.2629232 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fear of failure, procrastination, and academic performance in higher education
Aldhi, I. F., Suhariadi, F., Rahmawati, E., Supriharyanti, E., Hardaningtyas, D., Sugiarti, R., Abbas, A., & Trihantoyo, S. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-026-07088-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Consequently, APC is expected to depress APR, typically operationalized with outcomes such as course/exam scores and GPA, a relation that recent quantitative syntheses and studies continue to document (Kooren et al. 2024; Goroshit & Hen, 2021; Sun et al. 2023).”
Park, S. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11191 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“However, studies on academic procrastination and achievement have found that while procrastination-avoidance is seen as a factor that negatively influences achievement (Goroshit and Hen, 2019; Kim and Seo, 2015; Steel, 2007), results for procrastination-approach have been mixed (Hensley, 2014; Kim and Seo, 2013; Pinxt…”
ResultKorelasi Tingkat Religiusitas Siswa dan Prokrastinasi Akademik di MBS Al Mukhtar Watukebo
Nirmalasari, I., Rofi, S., & Huda, H. (2023) · Jurnal Pendidikan Islam · doi:10.47134/pjpi.v1i2.46 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Prokrastinasi berdampak terhadap perkembangan keterampilan penting siswa yaitu manajemen, organisasi, pengembangan pikiran, dan bentuk perhatian penu terhadap setiap detail pekerjaan (Batool, 2020; Goroshit, 2018, 2021; Hayat, 2020; Melgaard, 2021; Zacks, 2018).”
BackgroundTang, Y., Xu, Z., Xu, J., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1177/02103702251319634 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ali, A. S. (2025) · Journal of Palestine Ahliya University for Research and Studies · doi:10.59994/pau.2025.3.105 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Muhammed Harshad, K., Nabeela, P. K., Fathimath Zahra, B., & Ajwa Azeez, P. (2025) · Adabuna Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pemikiran · doi:10.38073/adabuna.v5i1.3662 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sarid, M., Klemer, A., Gal, C., & Ryder, C. H. (2026) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194261420168 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Khan, U. A., Iqbal, M., & Ahmad, R. (2023) · Journal of Social Research Development · doi:10.53664/jsrd/04-02-2023-10-339-351 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Moreover, the intricate character of procrastination encompasses a variety of psychological in the nature environmental and motivational elements that surpass gender as the only determinant (Goroshit & Hen, 2021).”
BackgroundBlázquez, F. P., Barrera, M. E. G., & González, Ó. U. R. (2024) · Horizonte de enfermeria · doi:10.7764/horiz_enferm.35.1.231-245 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yi, H., Wu, X., & Liu, X. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7600425/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
مصطفى, م. م. م. (2020) · مجلة البحث العلمى فى التربية · doi:10.21608/jsre.2020.130778
Exploring Teachers’ Experiences in the Delivery of Flexible Learning Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic
Giray, C. G. B. (2022) · International Journal of Research Publications · doi:10.47119/ijrp1001071820223822
“The study by Goroshit and Hen (2021) revealed that procrastination was acknowledged as a problem by almost 70% of college students.”
Student learning discipline: Problem and solution in online learning
Aziz, R., Wahyuni, E. N., Muhammad, N. H., Ridlo, A. A., & Salam, M. F. (2022) · Abjadia International Journal of Education · doi:10.18860/abj.v7i2.17782
“Psychologically, procrastinating at work can result in low learning achievement (Goroshit, 2021).”
BackgroundStanciu, D., Ciascai, L., & Ph.D. (2023) · IADIS International Conference on e-Learning and Digital Learning and International Conference on Sustainability, Technology and Education (ELDL/STE) · doi:10.33965/el_ste2023_202303l018
Efek Moderasi Dukungan Sosial Pada Hubungan Burnout Akademik dan Prokrastinasi Akademik
Hanimah, S. N., & Kelly, E. (2024) · Jurnal Psikologi Jurnal Ilmiah Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Yudharta Pasuruan · doi:10.35891/jip.v11i1.4213
“Selain itu mahasiswa dapat mengalami depresi dan kecemasan yang tinggi (Goroshit & Hen, 2021).”
BackgroundArsić, B., & Gajić, A. (2024) · Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini · doi:10.5937/zrffp54-45852
Wang, C., You, Y., Ahemaitijiang, N., & Han, Z. R. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1440424 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Predicting Academic Procrastination Among University Students Using Autoencoder Model
Sackey, A. K., Appiah, B., Adu, A. S. Y., Baah, E. K., & Boamah, E. N. A. (2025) · International Conference on Advanced Communications Technology (ICACT) · doi:10.23919/icact63878.2025.10936681
“This is confirmed by other studies [19]—[21].”
Wang, L., & Chung, K. K. H. (2025) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-025-00328-z
“This approach draws inspiration from previous research that focused on students at comparable stages of their education, such as the work by Goroshit and Hen (2021).”
Task- specific visualization meditation can overcome procrastination
Ai, K. (2025) · Arts Culture and Language · doi:10.61173/11aarf52
Lu, L., Ma, G., Hao, N., & Gao, X. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106265
Postiglione, J., Fenizia, E., Parrello, S., & Sommantico, M. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23030374 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Several studies have shown that academic procrastination has detrimental effects on students’ academic achievement, measured, for example, by GPA [14–18].”
Nuzum, T. T., Tasnim, S., Simran, T. R., Islam, A., Rahman, R., & Amin, M. A. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-30833-7_60
Khan, H., Gul, A., Alam, S., Khan, D., Bukhari, S. J., & Orakzai, S. (2026) · The Healer Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.55735/zeppn393
Yang, X. F., Li, X., Cao, C., & Gou, R. (2026) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-026-10267-1
“…dimin - ished academic achievement (Xu, 2023a , 2023b) and reduced self-efficacy (Krispenz et al., 2019) but also exacerbates psychological distress, manifesting in outcomes such as heightened test anxiety, academic burnout, and decreased academic satisfac - tion (Goroshit & Hen, 2021; Wang, 2021).”
Procrastinación y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios
Aguilar, D. L., Prieto, F. J. G., García, M. D., & Sanz, C. C. (2026) · Revista de Investigación Educativa · doi:10.6018/rie.680631
“Este trabajo se desarrolla al amparo del convenio de colaboración entre la Universi-dad de La Laguna y la Universidad de Huelva para labores de investigación educativa.”
Ismail, S., Al-Etoom, S., Ahmed, V., Bahroun, Z., & Al-Assaf, K. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101305
- Authors
- Goroshit, M., & Hen, M.
- Affiliations
- Tel Hai Academic College (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Goroshit, Marina
- ORCID
- Hen, Meirav
- Venue
- Current Psychology
- Published
- 2019-02-22
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2490-2498
- ISSN
- 1046-1310 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-4733
- OpenAlex
- W2915474391
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 6.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Outcomes and Influences
- Keywords
- academic procrastination, academic performance, learning disabilities, university students, grade point average, moderating effect, student support
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