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Cited by 7Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

Psychological inflexibility in university students: the european portuguese version of the acceptance and action questionnaire—university students

Open access
Galhardo, Ana, Neto, Maria, Monteiro, Bárbara, Massano-Cardoso, Ilda, Ferreira, Cláudia, Cunha, Marina·2023·Current Psychology
DOI 10.1007/s12144-022-04174-9PMC PMC9795437
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Abstract

Psychological inflexibility is defined as a transdiagnostic mechanism characterized by rigid efforts to control psychological reactions to painful, undesirable, unpleasant internal experiences. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-University Students (AAQ-US) was designed to assess students’ academic context-related psychological inflexibility. This study adapted the AAQ-US to Portuguese and examined its factor structure, validity, and reliability in a college student sample (sample 1: N = 262). Exploratory factor analysis and parallel analysis suggested a two-factor structure. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted in a second sample to cross-validate the AAQ-US factor structure (sample 2: N = 260). One higher-order factor (psychological inflexibility) with two lower-order factors (cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance) revealed a very good fit to the data. The AAQ-US total and dimensions showed good reliability, convergent and incremental validity. Overall, the Portuguese version of the AAQ-US is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing context-specific psychological inflexibility in university students.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study adapted the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–University Students (AAQ-US) to European Portuguese and examined its psychometric properties in two Portuguese university student samples. The Portuguese AAQ-US was best represented by one higher-order psychological inflexibility factor with two lower-order factors, cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance, and showed good reliability and validity.

Key findings

  • EFA in sample 1 (N = 262) suggested a two-factor solution explaining 61.7% of total variance: cognitive fusion explained 37.9% and experiential avoidance explained 23.8%; parallel analysis supported retaining two factors.
  • CFA in sample 2 (N = 260) found the one higher-order factor with two lower-order factors model fit very well: χ²(52) = 66.30, p = .088, CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.03 [0.00–0.05], SRMR = 0.06; this model was preferred over a single-factor structure.
  • Reliability was good: total Cronbach’s α = 0.94, factor αs = 0.92 and 0.87; composite reliability = 0.93 total, 0.91 and 0.83 for factors; 4-week test-retest in 60 participants showed r = .83 total, r = .81 cognitive fusion, r = .77 experiential avoidance.
  • Validity evidence included correlations with AAQ-II (r = .71), DASS-21 depression (r = .64), anxiety (r = .48), stress (r = .52), and test anxiety RTT (r = .66); partial correlations controlling for AAQ-II remained significant for depression (r = .30), anxiety (r = .18), stress (r = .20), and RTT (r = .44). No significant gender differences were found, t(260) = 0.52, p = .607.

Methods

  • The AAQ-US was translated and back-translated into European Portuguese, reviewed by experts, and pilot-tested with 15 undergraduate students; the study used two convenience samples of Portuguese university students: sample 1 (N = 262; 225 female, 85.9%; mean age 21.75, SD = 3.17) and sample 2 (N = 260; 203 female, 78.1%; mean age 21.20, SD = 5.83).
  • Participants completed the AAQ-US, AAQ-II, DASS-21, and Reactions to Tests questionnaire; data were collected March–April 2020 and April–May 2021.
  • Analyses used JASP 0.16.4: exploratory factor analysis with principal axis factoring and direct oblimin rotation plus parallel analysis in sample 1; confirmatory factor analysis with DWLS testing three models in sample 2; Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, Pearson and partial correlations, t-tests, and 4-week test-retest reliability.

Limitations

  • The authors state that online survey recruitment may introduce sampling bias, self-selection concerns, and under-representation; data collection occurred during the Covid-19 pandemic, and it is unclear whether this influenced results; future research should examine measurement and structural invariance in larger, size-equivalent gender samples and replicate findings in a different timeline.
  • Evident from the text: both samples were convenience samples and predominantly female (85.9% and 78.1%), limiting generalizability to male and more gender-balanced student populations; test-retest reliability was based on only 60 participants from sample 1.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s12144-022-04174-9

Cites

51 of 51 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

3 of 37 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged

  • Interpretationown data

    The strong correlation between the two factors corroborates the theoretical model of psychological inflexibility.

    “which corroborates the theoretical model of psychological inflexibility (Levin et al., 2014)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Levin et al., 2014 source
  • Findingown data

    One higher-order factor (psychological inflexibility) with two lower-order factors (cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance) revealed a very good fit to the data.

    “One higher-order factor (psychological inflexibility) with two lower-order factors (cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance) revealed a very good fit to the data.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In the present study, the AAQ-II revealed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.95.

    “In the present study, the AAQ-II revealed a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.95.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The AAQ-US total score had a 4-week test-retest correlation of r = .83 in a subsample of 60 participants.

    “strong correlations were found (r = .83; p < .001) for the AAQ-US total score”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    There were no arguments for removing item 3 based on item-total correlations and Cronbach alpha if item deleted.

    “Nevertheless, when considering psychometric criteria such as item-total correlations and Cronbach alpha if item deleted, there were no arguments for removing this item.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 19
  • May combine two claims. 23
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 4

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The AAQ-II discriminant validity is questionable, given it may capture psychological distress more than experiential avoidance.

    “Although the discriminant validity of the AAQ-II is questionable, given it may capture psychological distress more than being a measure of experiential avoidance (Tyndall et al., 2019; Rochefort et al., 2018; Wolgast, 2014)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Tyndall et al., 2019 source
    • cites Rochefort et al., 2018 source
    • cites Wolgast, 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Psychological inflexibility is a relevant transdiagnostic process linked to the onset and maintenance of an extensive variety of psychological problems.

    “Psychological inflexibility has been described as a relevant transdiagnostic process linked to the onset and maintenance of an extensive variety of psychological problems (Levin et al., 2014; Masuda et al., 2014.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Levin et al., 2014 source
    • cites Masuda et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Composite reliability was 0.93 for the AAQ-US total score, 0.91 for factor 1, and 0.83 for factor 2.

    “The AAQ-US reliability was further confirmed by calculating CR, showing a value of 0.93 for the total score and of 0.91 and 0.83 for factors 1 and 2, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The tested models showed a very good fit to the data, with models 2 and 3 showing slightly better results than model 1.

    “The models showed a very good fit to the data, with models 2 and 3 showing slightly better results than model 1.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The AAQ-US total score had a Cronbach alpha of 0.94 in the Portuguese sample.

    “The AAQ-US total revealed good internal consistency, presenting a Cronbach alpha of 0.94.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The AAQ-US exploratory factor analysis in sample 1 showed a two-factor solution, explaining 61.7% of the total variance, with factor 1 (cognitive fusion) explaining 37.9% and factor 2 (experiential avoidance) explaining 23.8% of the variance.

    “The AAQ-US EFA conducted in sample 1 showed a two-factor solution, explaining 61.7% of the total variance, with factor 1 (cognitive fusion) explaining 37.9% and factor 2 (experiential avoidance) explaining 23.8% of the variance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In this study, Cronbach alpha values were 0.91 for the depression scale, 0.88 for the anxiety scale, and 0.92 for the stress scale (sample 1).

    “In this study, a Cronbach alpha value of 0.91 was found for the depression scale, 0.88 for the anxiety scale, and 92 for the stress scale (sample 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Cronbach coefficient alpha would not improve with the exclusion of any AAQ-US item.

    “Cronbach coefficient alpha would not improve with the exclusion of any item.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Item-total correlations for the AAQ-US items varied between 0.64 (item 1) and 0.79 (item 8).

    “Item-total correlations varied between 0.64 (item 1) and 0.79 (item 8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Higher levels of university-context psychological inflexibility, as measured by the AAQ-US Portuguese version, were related to higher levels of general psychological inflexibility, higher depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and higher anxiety in tests.

    “Higher levels of university-context psychological inflexibility, as measured by the AAQ-US Portuguese version, were related to higher levels of general psychological inflexibility, higher depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and higher anxiety in tests.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The AAQ-II measures general psychological inflexibility.
    • Rests on an assumption: The DASS-21 measures depression, anxiety, and stress.
    • Rests on an assumption: The RTT measures test anxiety.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Partial correlations controlling for AAQ-II were still significant, although weaker than zero-order correlations.

    “Partial correlations results were still significant, although weaker than the zero-order correlations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The AAQ-II measures general psychological inflexibility.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The translation and adaptation procedures followed Hambleton et al. (2005) and International Test Commission (2017) recommendations.

    “The described procedures followed Hambleton et al. (2005) and the International Test Commission (2017) recommendations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hambleton et al. (2005)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites International Test Commission (2017)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Content validity prior to the pilot study was established by the research team, including doctoral-level researchers in clinical psychology and health sciences, a master student, and a doctoral student in clinical psychology.

    “Content validity prior to the pilot study was established by the research team [four doctoral-level researchers within the area of clinical psychology (contextual cognitive behavioral therapies) and health sciences, one master student, and one doctoral student in clinical psychology].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The AAQ-US authors state that the nonspecific AAQ may lack sensitivity to reveal ACT treatment therapeutic gains in university students.

    “The AAQ-US authors provide the rationale for developing this questionnaire, stating that the nonspecific AAQ may lack sensitivity to reveal ACT treatment therapeutic gains in university students.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Levin et al., 2019 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Psychological inflexibility has been pointed out as a relevant focus in interventions aiming to improve university students' mental health.

    “Given these mental health issues in this population, psychological inflexibility has been pointed out as a relevant focus in interventions aiming to improve university students’ mental health (Levin et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Levin et al., 2019 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study was approved by the Ethical Board.

    “The study was approved by the Ethical Board of the (blind for review) (reference CE-P02-20).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-University Students (AAQ-US) was designed to assess students' academic context-related psychological inflexibility.

    “The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-University Students (AAQ-US) was designed to assess students’ academic context-related psychological inflexibility.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Levin et al., 2019 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Sample 1 and Sample 2 sizes were determined based on recommendations that any N > 200 offers adequate statistical power for data analysis.

    “Sample 1 and Sample 2 sizes were determined based on the recommendations of Singh et al. (2016), suggesting that any N > 200 offers adequate statistical power for data analysis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Singh et al. (2016) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The original 12-item AAQ-US version has a single-factor structure, accounting for 51.38% of the variance, and good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.91).

    “The final 12-items AAQ-US version revealed a single-factor solution, accounting for 51.38% of the variance, and showed good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.91) (Levin et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Levin et al., 2019 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Turkish and Spanish versions of the AAQ-US revealed a single-factor structure and good psychometric properties, similar to the original version.

    “Besides the AAQ-US original version (Levin et al., 2019), a Turkish (Kuru et al., 2021) and a Spanish version (Barbosa-Güiza, 2020) are also available, revealing, similarly to the original version, a single factor structure, and good psychometric properties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kuru et al., 2021 source
    • cites Barbosa-Güiza, 2020

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Overall, the Portuguese version of the AAQ-US is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing context-specific psychological inflexibility in university students.

    “Overall, the Portuguese version of the AAQ-US is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing context-specific psychological inflexibility in university students.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The two convenience samples are representative of Portuguese university students, so the psychometric findings generalize to that population.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Permission to translate and use the AAQ-US original version was obtained from the authors.

    “Permission to translate and use the AAQ-US original version was obtained from the authors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The period for data collection was set during March and May to control for potential bias related to mid-term and final exams.

    “The period for data collection was set during March and May to control for potential bias related to mid-term and final exams.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    These findings suggest that university-context psychological inflexibility (AAQ-US) is related but is not redundant regarding the other considered variables.

    “As the Turkish AAQ-US (Kuru et al., 2021) mentioned, these findings suggest that university-context psychological inflexibility (AAQ-US) is related but is not redundant regarding the other considered variables.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kuru et al., 2021 source
    • Rests on an assumption: The AAQ-II measures general psychological inflexibility.
    • Rests on an assumption: The DASS-21 measures depression, anxiety, and stress.
    • Rests on an assumption: The RTT measures test anxiety.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The AAQ-US as a global measure and its cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance dimensions presented good internal consistencies, similar to the original, Spanish, and Turkish versions.

    “Additionally, the AAQ-US as a global measure of psychological inflexibility, as well as the cognitive fusion and the experiential avoidance dimensions presented good internal consistencies, similar to that found for the original (Levin et al., 2019), the Spanish (Barbosa-Güiza, 2020) and the Turkish (Kuru et al., 2021) versions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Levin et al., 2019 source
    • cites Barbosa-Güiza, 2020
    • cites Kuru et al., 2021 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale revealed an avoidance of pain factor and a cognitive fusion with pain factor.

    “the Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (Wicksell et al., 2010) revealed an avoidance of pain factor and a cognitive fusion with pain factor.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wicksell et al., 2010 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Being unwilling to remain in contact with painful private experiences can paradoxically intensify their manifestation and strengthen potential occurrences of cognitive fusion.

    “Being unwilling to remain in contact with painful private experiences can paradoxically intensify their manifestation (Wenzlaff & Wegner, 2000) and therefore strengthen potential occurrences of cognitive fusion (Berghoff et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Wenzlaff & Wegner, 2000 source
    • cites Berghoff et al., 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Principal component analyses in the original and Spanish AAQ-US versions revealed a single-factor solution, but these studies did not include a confirmatory factor analysis.

    “Although principal component analyses revealed a single-factor solution in the AAQ-US original study (Levin et al., 2019) and in the Spanish (Colombia) AAQ-US version (Barbosa-Güiza, 2020), these studies did not include a confirmatory factor analysis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Levin et al., 2019 source
    • cites Barbosa-Güiza, 2020

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Although test-retest reliability has not been examined in the original or Spanish versions, the current results were in line with the Turkish version regarding the AAQ-US total score.

    “Although the test-retest reliability has not been examined in the original version (Levin et al., 2019) or the Spanish (Barbosa-Güiza, 2020), the current results were in line with the ones found in the Turkish version (Kuru et al., 2021), regarding the AAQ-US total score.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Levin et al., 2019 source
    • cites Barbosa-Güiza, 2020
    • cites Kuru et al., 2021 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Levin et al. (2019) defined six content categories based on the ACT hexaflex model, generated four to 11 items for these school-related categories, but scale refinement was based on psychometric criteria, and there is no mention of which category belongs each of the 12 final items.

    “Levin et al. (2019) defined six content categories based on the ACT hexaflex model, having generated four to 11 items for these school-related categories, but scale refinement was based on psychometric criteria, and there is no mention to which category belongs each of the 12 final items.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Levin et al., 2019 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance are frequently interconnected and seem to influence each other.

    “These two processes (cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance) are frequently interconnected and seem to influence each other.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Wenzlaff & Wegner, 2000 source
    • cites Berghoff et al., 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The Portuguese version of the AAQ-US seems to be a valid and reliable measure of students' psychological inflexibility.

    “Despite the limitations mentioned, the Portuguese version of the AAQ-US seems to be a valid and reliable measure of students’ psychological inflexibility.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire - Substance Abuse showed a defused acceptance factor and a values commitment factor.

    “the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire – Substance Abuse (Luoma et al., 2011) showed a defused acceptance factor and a values commitment factor.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Luoma et al., 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Data collection took place during the Covid-19 pandemic, and it is unclear whether this condition may have influenced the results.

    “Furthermore, data collection took place during the Covid-19 pandemic, and it is unclear whether this condition may have influenced the results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The one higher-order factor with two lower-order factors structure was chosen as preferable to represent the theoretical model where psychological inflexibility integrates both cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance as relevant interdependent constructs but also as part of a global sense of psychological inflexibility.

    “The one higher-order factor with two lower-order factors structure was chosen as preferable to represent the theoretical model where psychological inflexibility integrates both cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance as relevant interdependent constructs but also as part of a global sense of psychological inflexibility.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    By perceiving one's thoughts as literal truths, students may develop a reluctance to stay in contact with these thoughts or other internal events by trying to avoid them, which corresponds to experiential avoidance.

    “By perceiving one’s thoughts as literal truths, students may not only experience distress, but they can also develop a reluctance to stay in contact with these thoughts or other internal events by trying to avoid them or the circumstances that prompt them, which corresponds to experiential avoidance (Hayes et al., 1996).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hayes et al., 1996 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cognitive fusion may be conceptualized as a process in which one gets entangled with difficult thoughts, which impacts emotional and behavioral regulation.

    “Cognitive fusion may be conceptualized as a process in which one gets entangled with difficult thoughts (sometimes judgmental and self-descriptive), which impacts emotional and behavioral regulation (Hayes et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hayes et al., 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Ong et al. (2019) suggested that context-specific validated measures of psychological inflexibility may capture more precise manifestations of this mechanism.

    “with Ong et al. (2019) suggesting that context-specific validated measures of psychological inflexibility may capture more precise manifestations of this mechanism.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ong et al., 2019 source
38 of 38

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The two convenience samples are representative of Portuguese university students, so the psychometric findings generalize to that population.

    “This study was conducted in two distinct convenience samples collected from several higher education institutions in Portugal.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The AAQ-II measures general psychological inflexibility.

    “Partial correlations controlling for the effect of psychological inflexibility (measured by the AAQ-II) were used to address incremental validity.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The DASS-21 measures depression, anxiety, and stress.

    “other measures tapping other constructs (psychological inflexibility, depression, anxiety and stress, test anxiety)”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The RTT measures test anxiety.

    “other measures tapping other constructs (psychological inflexibility, depression, anxiety and stress, test anxiety)”
4 of 4

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentt(260) = 0.52reported p = .607 · recomputed p = .604

    “t(260) = 0.52, p = .607”

1 of 1

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

  • Sample 1 partner percentage is incorrect

    Minor

    Two of 262 participants are 0.76%, not 5.4%.

    Reported 5.4 · recomputed 0.763359

  • Sample 1 divorced percentage is incorrect

    Minor

    One of 262 participants is 0.38%, not 0.8%.

    Reported 0.8 · recomputed 0.381679

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Erlbaum.
  2. Dancey, C. P., & Reidy, J. (2017). Statistics without maths for psychology (7th ed.). Pearson Education Inc.
  3. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
  4. Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy: the process and practice of mindful change. Guilford Press.
  5. International Test Commission (2017). The ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests (2nd ed.). www.intestCom.org
  6. Pais-Ribeiro, J., Honrado, A., & Leal, I. (2004). Contribuição para o estudo da adaptação portuguesa das escalas de ansiedade depressão stress de Lovibond e Lovibond. Psychologica, 36, 235–246. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/6910/2/81876.pdf
  7. Pinto-Gouveia, J., Gregório, S., Dinis, A., & Xavier, A. (2012). Validation of the portuguese version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II). International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 12(2), 139–156. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/560/56023336002.pdf
  8. Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2015). The behavior assessment system for children, third edition-self-report of personality-college form. Pearson Clinical Assessment.
  9. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistic (5th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.

Cited by

Still being checked.

Related

Authors
Galhardo, A., Neto, M., Monteiro, B., Massano-Cardoso, I., Ferreira, C., & Cunha, M.
Affiliations
  • Instituto Superior Miguel Torga (PT)
  • University of Coimbra (PT)
Corresponding author
Galhardo, Ana
ORCID
Venue
Current Psychology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-12-28
Volume
42
Issue
36
Pages
31713-31723
ISSN
  • 1046-1310 (ISSN-L)
  • 1936-4733
DOI
10.1007/s12144-022-04174-9
PMC
PMC9795437
OpenAlex
W4313421279
Semantic Scholar
5f5228de77a62a09ed534b8f1d92ae9f649132cd
Cited by
7
References
51
Citations by year
2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3
FWCI
1.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Current Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Estudo Geral (Universidad de Coimbra) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords
psychological inflexibility, cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, Portuguese adaptation, university students, academic stress, transdiagnostic mechanisms, psychometric validation, factor structure

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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