Associations between depression, anxious arousal and manifestations of psychological inflexibility
Open accessAbstract
Background and objectives Psychological inflexibility exhibits across multiple facets of functioning, including thinking styles, personality, cognitive shifting, emotion, and physiology, with many of these manifestations showing associations with depression. As such, these facets might be part of an overarching latent construct of psychological inflexibility that explains associations with depression. We predicted that (1) five facets of inflexibility (perseverative thinking, personality rigidity, attention-shifting, negative emotional inertia, and low respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity) would load onto a unique latent construct of psychological inflexibility. Further, we hypothesized this latent construct of psychological inflexibility would be (2) significantly associated with higher depression; and (3) associated with depression to a greater extent than anxious arousal.Methods Seventy-five adult community participants completed measures assessing the five indices of inflexibility and self-report measures of depression and anxious arousal.Results Structural equation modeling identified a latent inflexibility construct reflected by perseverative thinking, personality rigidity, and emotional inertia, but did not include attention-shifting or RSA reactivity. The inflexibility construct was positively associated with depression and anxious arousal, but more strongly associated with depression than with anxious arousal.Limitations Limitations included a small sample size, cross-sectional approach, and dimensional measures of depression and anxious arousal.Conclusions Findings provide preliminary support that multiple facets of inflexibility may emerge from a broader overarching vulnerability for internalizing psychopathology. This overarching inflexibility construct may have stronger associations with depression than with anxious arousal.
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Psychological inflexibility is closely related to a variety of mental disorders, including depression, anxiety and somatization, eating disorders, substance use, psychosis, and posttraumatic stress disorder.
“Psychological inflexibility is closely related to a variety of mental disorders, including depression (Gilbert et al., 2019), anxiety and somatization (Tavakoli et al., 2019; Venta et al., 2012), eating disorders (Fairburn et al., 2003; Rawal et al., 2010), substance use (Levin et al., 2012), psychosis (Goldstone et al., 2011), and posttraumatic stress disorder (Meyer et al., 2019).”
From The Iranian form of psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (2022) · cites this paper as Gilbert et al., 2019
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“Psychological inflexibility is closely related to a variety of mental disorders, including depression (Gilbert et al., 2019), anxiety and somatization (Tavakoli et al.”
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- Authors
- Gilbert, K. E., Tonge, N. A., & Thompson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thompson, Renee J.
- Venue
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-03
- Volume
- 62
- Pages
- 88-96
- ISSN
- 0005-7916 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6252139
- OpenAlex
- W2892015407
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 4.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIMH (T32 MH100019-03, K23MH115074-01)
- Washington University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- psychological inflexibility, depression, anxious arousal, perseverative thinking, personality rigidity, attentional shift, latent constructs, internalizing psychopathology, cognitive flexibility
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Arousal, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality, Thinking, Young Adult, Executive Function, Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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