The work-related acceptance and action questionnaire: Initial psychometric findings and their implications for measuring psychological flexibility in specific contexts
Abstract
Over the past decade, experimental and longitudinal research has shown that psychological flexibility is an important determinant of mental health and behavioural effectiveness in the workplace. These findings have been established using a general measure of this psychological process, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–Revised ( AAQ‐II ). Consistent with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ( ACT ) theory, psychological flexibility may demonstrate even stronger associations with variables related to a work context (e.g., job satisfaction) if it were assessed using a measure of the construct that is tailored to the workplace. To test this hypothesis, we first developed such a measure, the work‐related acceptance and action questionnaire ( WAAQ ). Findings from 745 participants across three studies reveal that the structure, validity and reliability of the WAAQ are satisfactory. As predicted, the WAAQ , in comparison with the AAQ‐II , correlates significantly more strongly with work‐specific variables. In contrast, the AAQ‐II tends to correlate more strongly with outcomes that are likely to be more stable across different contexts (e.g., mental health and personality variables). These findings are discussed in relation to ACT theory. Practitioner points Experimental and longitudinal research has shown that psychological flexibility is an individual characteristic that is an important determinant of mental health and behavioural effectiveness in the workplace. The Work‐Related Acceptance and Action Questionnaire ( WAAQ ) assesses psychological flexibility as it relates to the workplace. Psychological flexibility is a useful individual characteristic for practitioners to assess, as it is stable over time, but interventions can also enhance it, and, as a result, improve mental health and behavioural effectiveness in the workplace.
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Psychological flexibility is a context specific construct and needs to be assessed as such.
“Psychological flexibility appears to be a context specific construct, in terms of the area of study (e.g., pain, parenting, workplace, or other), and therefore needs to be assessed as such [4,19].”
The AAQ-II has demonstrated evidence of a single-factor structure, internal consistency, and criterion, convergent and discriminant validity across clinical, community and occupational samples.
“The AAQ-II is a widely used scale with demonstrated evidence of a single-factor structure, internal consistency and criterion, convergent and discriminant validity across clinical, community and occupational samples (e.g., Bond et al., 2011; Bond et al., 2013; Gloster, Klotsche, Chaker, Hummel, & Hoyer, 2011).”
From Psychological Processes Underlying the Impact of Gender-Related Discrimination on Psychological Distress in Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People. (2019) · cites this paper as Bond et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Bond, F. W., Lloyd, J., & Guenole, N.
- Affiliations
- Goldsmiths University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bond, Frank W.
- Venue
- Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-01-08
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 331-347
- ISSN
- 0963-1798 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8325
- OpenAlex
- W2055354317
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 9.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Goldsmiths (University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- UEL Research Repository (University of East London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- psychological flexibility, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, acceptance and commitment therapy, workplace mental health, job satisfaction, work context, psychometric validation, questionnaire development
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