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The Dynamics of Microglial Polarization Reveal the Resident Neuroinflammatory Responses After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Microglia, as the resident immune cells, orchestrate neuroinflammation distinctly in neurological diseases with different polarization statuses. However, microglial polarizations in the neuroinflammatory responses after SAH are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of microglial reaction in an endovascular perforated SAH model. By using the Cx3cr1 GFP/GFP Ccr2 RFP/RFP transgenic mice, we found that the reactive immune cells were largely from resident microglia pool rather than infiltrating macrophages. Immunostaining and real-time PCR were employed to analyze the temporal microglial polarization and the resulting inflammatory responses. Our results showed that microglia accumulated immediately after SAH with a centrifugal spreading through the Cortex Adjacent to the Perforated Site (CAPS) to the remote motor cortex. Microglia polarized dynamically from M1 to M2 phenotype along with the morphological transformation from ramified to amoeboid shapes. The ramified microglia demonstrated the M1 property, which suggested the function-related microglial polarization occurred prior to morphological transformation after SAH. Bipolar-shaped microglia appeared as the intermediate and transitional status with the capacity of bidirectional polarization. The microglial polarization status is distinct in molecular inflammatory responses; M1-related pro-inflammation was p…
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“After SAH, a large number of microglia are activated and release inflammatory factors, which would lead to inflammatory responses and aggravate the neurological deficit [7–9].”
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Cited by
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zheng, Z. V., Lyu, H., Lam, S. Y. E., Lam, P. K., Poon, W. S., & Wong, G. K. C.
- Venue
- Translational Stroke Research
- Published
- 2019-10-18
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 433-449
- ISSN
- 1868-4483
- 1868-601X
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 49
- Language
- en
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
- Funders
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (2016.112)
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