The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 113 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Use of Medications and Dietary Supplements by Masters Athletes—A Review
Open accessAbstract
Purpose of Review: Masters athletes (MA) are generally considered healthier than their sedentary peers. However, the prevalence of chronic conditions in any population increases with age. Treatments involve pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. A substantial proportion of the general population also use dietary supplements (DS). This raises questions about the potential for drug-nutrient interactions which may lead to adverse effects. We sought to determine the potential for drug-nutrient interactions MA may be exposed to by examining the prevalence of chronic conditions treated with medications and their DS use. Recent Findings: Common conditions in MA include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, asthma, osteoarthritis, depression and anxiety. Treatments may involve prescribed medications. Few recent studies were identified on DS use; however, indications are for around 60% prevalence of supplement usage. Summary: The higher prevalence of DS use by MA may result in drug-nutrient interactions that impact the effectiveness and safety of prescribed medications for chronic conditions.
Overview
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TL;DR
This narrative review examines chronic conditions and dietary supplement (DS) use among masters athletes (MA) and the potential for drug–nutrient interactions with prescribed medications. It concludes that MA generally have lower chronic disease prevalence than general populations, but substantial DS use—around 60%—means interactions warrant caution, monitoring, and disclosure.
Key findings
- MA generally show lower prevalence of several chronic conditions than general populations. For example, Halar et al. (817 MA) reported lower age–gender-adjusted prevalence of hypertension (4.6% vs 18.7%), hyperlipidemia (1.6% vs 12.1%), type 2 diabetes (1.6% vs 5.5%), asthma (9.9% vs 20.7%), and anxiety-related disorders (9.3% vs 18.1%).
- Coronary artery findings complicate this picture: among 195 low-to-intermediate-risk MA, 25.7% had high atherosclerotic burden and approximately 6% had obstructive lesions; Merghani et al. found MA had higher plaque prevalence than sedentary controls (p = 0.009), predominantly calcified plaque (72.7%), and male MA had higher atrial fibrillation (sixfold), supraventricular tachycardia (threefold), and non-sustained supraventricular tachycardia (ninefold).
- DS use is common: Guthrie et al. reported 62% overall supplement use among 1042 US Masters Swimming members, with vitamins (55.8%), calcium (23.1%), glucosamine/chondroitin (11.6%), and coenzyme Q10 (5.4%) most common; Striegel et al. reported 60.5% DS use at the 2004 World Masters Athletic Championships (n = 598).
- Potential interactions discussed include glucosamine/chondroitin with warfarin (increased INR/bleeding risk), ginkgo biloba with anticoagulants/antiplatelets/SSRIs, CoQ10 with warfarin/antiplatelets/statins/antihypertensives/diabetes medications, red yeast rice with statins/CYP3A4 inhibitors, calcium with bisphosphonates/antibiotics, and creatine plus caffeine in Parkinson disease (faster progression). Aznar-Lou et al. found one in two of 820 people taking tetracyclines, thiazides, or angiotensin II receptor blockers were at risk of a DS interaction; the authors’ own observations at the 2017 Australian Masters Games and 2018 Pan Pacific Masters Games found almost 50% of MA reported taking up to 16 DS/sports foods and almost 50% used two or more therapies including medications.
Methods
- Design: narrative review examining literature from the last decade on chronic conditions in MA and DS use, followed by discussion of possible drug–nutrient interactions.
- Data/sample: no primary sample; synthesizes prior survey and clinical studies, including World Masters Games, Australian Masters Games, Pan Pacific Masters Games, and US Masters Swimming participants, plus a representative US population study (n = 820) and case reports.
- Analysis: narrative/descriptive synthesis and mechanistic discussion; no meta-analysis or formal risk-of-bias assessment is described.
Limitations
- The paper states that literature is scarce regarding prevalence of chronic conditions and DS use in the broader MA population; few recent DS studies were identified; Guthrie et al.’s results cannot be generalised to all MA, and only supplements comparable to NHANES were collected; the authors’ own AMG/PPMG data lacked information on concurrent administration; further research is needed to establish stronger causal associations.
- The paper states that no large-scale, longitudinal study has investigated whether MA are immune from developing chronic diseases and how those conditions are managed.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it reports no systematic search strategy or formal quality appraisal; interaction evidence is often theoretical, from case reports, or from non-MA populations, limiting causal inference.
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Figures
![Fig. 1 Radar plot of prevalence of chronic conditions in MA participating in the 2009 World Masters Games as compared to the Australian general population (modified with permission from reference [32•])](/paper-figures/5aff392569e143658f6c0cc8a9423be0/the-use-of-medications-and-dietary-supplements-by-masters-athletesa-review-figure-1.jpg)
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 Valid · 1 Not valid · 80 Not checked · 6 Own results and interpretations
In the paper
“Our observations from data collection at the 2017 Australian Masters Games (AMG) and the 2018 Pan Pacific Masters Games (PPMG) are that almost 50% of MA respondents reported taking up to 16 DS and sports foods”
§ The Use of Medications and Dietary Supplements by Masters Athletes — a Review > Dietary Supplement Use in Masters Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Chalmers J, Halar F, O'Connor H, Prvan T, Climstein M, Stuart-Smith W, Reaburn P, Gifford J. Medication and dietary supplement use in masters athletes; prevalence and safety. Sports Medicine New Zealand Conference 2019; 2019 31 October-2 November; Dunedin. Dunedin: Sports Medicine Inc; 2019.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“almost 50% used two or more therapies inclusive of medications to treat chronic conditions [58].”
§ The Use of Medications and Dietary Supplements by Masters Athletes — a Review > Dietary Supplement Use in Masters Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Chalmers J, Halar F, O'Connor H, Prvan T, Climstein M, Stuart-Smith W, Reaburn P, Gifford J. Medication and dietary supplement use in masters athletes; prevalence and safety. Sports Medicine New Zealand Conference 2019; 2019 31 October-2 November; Dunedin. Dunedin: Sports Medicine Inc; 2019.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interestingly, to date, no studies have investigated a causal relationship between statin-associated muscle symptoms and CoQ10 depletion which may explain the conflicting results between reviews of clinical studies reporting on the efficacy of CoQ10 in treating this side effect [84, 85].”
§ The Use of Medications and Dietary Supplements by Masters Athletes — a Review > Potential Interactions Between Commonly Used Medicines for Chronic Conditions, and Dietary Supplements Used by Masters Athletes > Coenzyme Q10 and Interactions with Medicines Used to Treat Cardiovascular Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Kennedy C, Köller Y, Surkova E. Effect of Coenzyme Q10 on statin-associated myalgia and adherence to statin therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2020;299:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.03.006. source
- Not checked yetcites [85] Qu H, Guo M, Chai H, Wang WT, Gao ZY, Shi DZ. Effects of coenzyme Q10 on statin-induced myopathy: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(19):e009835. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.118.009835. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Apart from the report from Guthrie et al. [44•], there are few recent studies specifically in MA that report the prevalence of supplement use.”
§ The Use of Medications and Dietary Supplements by Masters Athletes — a Review > Dietary Supplement Use in Masters Athletes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [44•]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The possibility of taking prescribed medications for a chronic condition along with the prevalent use of dietary supplements (DS) in the sporting environment may expose MA to adverse effects due to drug-nutrient interaction(s).”
§ The Use of Medications and Dietary Supplements by Masters Athletes — a Review > Introduction
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This may be explained by the known skewed distribution of iron intakes [66] and supplement use among MAs [32,67]”
From Dietary Intake of Masters Athletes: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [67]
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Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ The Use of Medications and Dietary Supplements by Masters Athletes — a Review > Dietary Supplement Use in Masters Athletes
“The prevalence of supplement use overall (62%) and all supplement categories (1.1–55.8%) was higher than the NHANES cohort in all instances except for ginkgo biloba.”
§ The Use of Medications and Dietary Supplements by Masters Athletes — a Review > Potential Interactions Between Commonly Used Medicines for Chronic Conditions, and Dietary Supplements Used by Masters Athletes > Ginkgo biloba and Interactions with Medicines Used in Cardiovascular Disease, Anxiety and Depression
“The use of gingko biloba supplements was also reported by Guthrie et al. to be higher among MA included in their study than the general population [44•].”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Use of Medications and Dietary Supplements by Masters Athletes — a Review > Chronic Conditions in Masters Athletes
“MA had a lower prevalence of a number of chronic conditions as compared to the US general population”
§ The Use of Medications and Dietary Supplements by Masters Athletes — a Review > Chronic Conditions in Masters Athletes
“hypercholesterolemia (8.0% vs 6.7%; p < 0.01)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Use of Medications and Dietary Supplements by Masters Athletes — a Review > Dietary Supplement Use in Masters Athletes
“The prevalence of supplement use overall (62%) and all supplement categories (1.1–55.8%) was higher than the NHANES cohort in all instances except for ginkgo biloba.”
§ The Use of Medications and Dietary Supplements by Masters Athletes — a Review > Dietary Supplement Use in Masters Athletes
“While the intake of the DS red rice yeast/extract by MA was lower than the general population, there are concerns about it interacting with statins as discussed below.”
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Self-citationCardiovascular risk profiles of world masters games participants
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Self-citationNutritional supplement use among fitness club participants in Tehran, Iran
Saeedi, P., Mohd Nasir, M. T., Hazizi, A. S., Vafa, M. R., & Rahimi Foroushani, A. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.011 · Cited by 17
Prevalence of Medication-Dietary Supplement Combined Use and Associated Factors
Aznar‐Lou, I., Carbonell-Duacastella, C., Rodriguez, A., Mera, I., & Rubio-Valera, M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102466 · Cited by 17
The exercise heart rate profile in master athletes compared to healthy controls
Kwon, O., Park, S., Kim, Y., Min, S., Kim, Y. R., Nam, G., Choi, K., & Kim, Y. (2016) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12226 · Cited by 16
Development and preliminarily validation of the Complementary Medicine Disclosure Index
McIntyre, E., Foley, H., Diezel, H., Harnett, J., Adams, J., Sibbritt, D. W., & Steel, A. (2020) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2020.01.008 · Cited by 16
Self-citationDores, H., Gonçalves, P. D. A., Monge, J., Costa, R., Tátá, L., Cardim, N., Neuparth, N., & Sharma, S. (2020) · Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia · doi:10.1016/j.repc.2019.10.009 · Cited by 15
Joe, W., Mike, C., Timothy, H. I., Burke, S., Kettunen, J. A., Adams, K., & Mark, D. (2011) · Cross Connect (Southern Cross University) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.1055179 · Cited by 13
Interactions between nutraceuticals/nutrients and nutrients and therapeutic drugs
Anadón, A., Ares, I., Martínez-Larrañaga, M.-R., & Martínez, M.-A. (2021) · Nutraceuticals · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821038-3.00070-7 · Cited by 13
Nutrition and Performance in Masters Athletes
Reaburn, P. R. J. (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17541 · Cited by 10
Hong, S.-P., Yang, J.-S., Han, J.-Y., Ha, S.-I., Chung, J.-W., Koh, Y.-Y., Chang, K.-S., & Choi, D.-H. (2011) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01160.x · Cited by 8
Clinical considerations for the ageing athlete.
Brun, S. P. (2016) · PubMed · Cited by 6
Development and preliminary evaluation of the Conventional Medicine Disclosure Index
McIntyre, E., Foley, H., Harnett, J., Adams, J., & Steel, A. (2021) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.01.015 · Cited by 6
Self-citationGuthrie, S. K., & Erickson, S. R. (2015) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0043 · Cited by 5
An Overview of Risk Factors for Disease in Masters Athletes
Climstein, M., Walsh, J., Heazlewood, T., & MEIR, R. A. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003025368-5 · Cited by 5
Self-citationHalar, F., O'Connor, H. T., Climstein, M., Prvan, T., Black, D. A., Reaburn, P. R. J., Stuart‐Smith, W., Wu, X. S., & Gifford, J. A. (2025) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.18912 · Cited by 4
Self-citationInvestigation of Fasting Plasma Glucose in Masters Athletes
Walsh, J., Heazlewood, I., DeBeliso, M., & Climstein, M. (2020) · International Journal of Sport Exercise and Health Research · doi:10.31254/sportmed.4207 · Cited by 2
Self-citation(2013) · PubMed
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Climstein M, Walsh J, Heazlewood I, DeBeliso M. Endurance masters athletes: a model of successful ageing with clinically superior BMI? The Sport Journal. 2019;21(April):1–11.
- Walsh J, Climstein M, Heazelwood I,DeBeliso M, Adams K, Burke S. Body mass index of masters basketball players. Medicina Sportiva, J Romanian Sports Med Soc. 2013;7:1700–5.
- Walsh J, Climstein M, Heazlewood IT, Burke S, Kettunen J, Adams K, DeBeliso M. Improved body mass index classification for football code masters athletes: a comparison to the Australian national population. Int J Biol Med Sci. 2011;1(1):37–40.
- Walsh J, Heazlewood IT, DeBeliso M, Climstein M. Comparison of obesity prevalence across 28 world masters games sports. Sport Sci. 2018;11(1):30–6.
- DeBeliso M, Walsh J, Climstein M, Heazlewood IT, Kettunen J, Sevene T, Adams K. World Masters Games: North American participant medical and health history survey. Sport J. 2014;55(17):1–9.
- Climstein M, Walsh J, Heazlewood T, Burke S, Kettunen J, Adams K, DeBeliso M. Incidence of chronic disease and lipid profile in veteran rugby athletes. Int J Biol Med Sci. 2011;1(1):41.
- Chalmers J, Halar F, O'Connor H, Prvan T, Climstein M, Stuart-Smith W, Reaburn P, Gifford J. Medication and dietary supplement use in masters athletes; prevalence and safety. Sports Medicine New Zealand Conference 2019; 2019 31 October-2 November; Dunedin. Dunedin: Sports Medicine Inc; 2019.
- Coxeter PD, Duke CC, Roufogalis B, McLachlan AJ. Ginkgo biloba interactions. Journal of Complementary Medicine: CM, The. 2003;2(3):62–4.
Cited by
Mitochondria as Nutritional Targets to Maintain Muscle Health and Physical Function During Ageing
Broome, S. C., Whitfield, J., Karagounis, L. G., & Hawley, J. A. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02072-7 · Cited by 47
Dietary Intake of Masters Athletes: A Systematic Review
Guo, S., Shaoni, G. L. L., Stuart-Smith, W. A., Davies, A. J., & Gifford, J. A. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15234973 · Cited by 21
Self-citationForsyth, A. K., & Mantzioris, E. (2023) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114523000648 · Cited by 11
Use of pharmaceuticals amongst athletes tested by Anti-Doping Norway in a five-year period
Gjelstad, A., Herlofsen, T. M., Bjerke, A.-L., Lauritzen, F., & Björnsdóttir, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1260806 · Cited by 10
Yasuda, J., Myoenzono, K., Takai, E., Toguchi, M., Tsunezumi, S., Kondo, C., Kaizaki, A., Ode, S., Ohno, H., Namma-Motonaga, K., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1188224 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Harnett, J., Climstein, M., Walsh, J., & Gifford, J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Gifford, Janelle
- Venue
- Current Nutrition Reports
- Published
- 2022-05-30
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 253-262
- ISSN
- 2161-3311 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9174319
- OpenAlex
- W4281918145
- Semantic Scholar
- 11ca31ce5cfa4a11339b5e4255d2bc8bace5873d
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 0.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
- Locations
- Current Nutrition Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Cross Connect (Southern Cross University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Sydney
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Doping in Sports
- Keywords
- masters athletes, dietary supplements, drug-nutrient interactions, medication use, chronic disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, osteoarthritis, depression, anxiety, asthma, drug safety
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Prevalence, Dietary Supplements, Athletes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-14, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-14 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
