The Use of Self-Help Strategies in Obesity Treatment. A Narrative Review Focused on Hypnosis and Mindfulness
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this narrative review was to summarize the evidence evaluating the possibilities and limitations of self-hypnosis and mindfulness strategies in the treatment of obesity. RECENT FINDINGS: Psychological factors, such as mood disorders and stress, can affect eating behaviors and deeply influence weight gain. Psychological approaches to weight management could increase the motivation and self-control of the patients with obesity, limiting their impulsiveness and inappropriate use of food. The cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) represents the cornerstone of obesity treatment, but complementary and self-directed psychological interventions, such as hypnosis and mindfulness, could represent additional strategies to increase the effectiveness of weight loss programs, by improving dysfunctional eating behaviors, self-motivation, and stimulus control. Both hypnosis and mindfulness provide a promising therapeutic option by improving weight loss, food awareness, self-acceptance of body image, and limiting food cravings and emotional eating. Greater effectiveness occurs when hypnosis and mindfulness are associated with other psychological therapies in addition to diet and physical activity. Additional research is needed to determine whether these strategies are effective in the long term and whether they can be routinely introduced into the clinical practice.
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Mindfulness training is not yet a part of routine care for bariatric patients.
“Nevertheless, mindfulness training is not yet a part of routine care for bariatric patients, and the long-term benefit and durability of such interventions are not known (96).”
From Behavioral Interventions to Attenuate Driven Overeating and Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery (2022) · cites this paper as [96]
In “Studies on Mindfulness-Based Interventions and Weight Management” (Table 2; page unavailable), the review lists a bariatric-surgery trial that adds mindfulness to treatment as usual, consistent with mindfulness being separate from usual treatment in that trial. It does not establish that mindfulness training is absent from routine bariatric care generally. The “Limitations” section says longer follow-up is needed to evaluate lasting effects, supporting the sentence’s separate point about durability. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe long-term benefit and durability of mindfulness interventions for bariatric patients are not known.
“Nevertheless, mindfulness training is not yet a part of routine care for bariatric patients, and the long-term benefit and durability of such interventions are not known (96).”
From Behavioral Interventions to Attenuate Driven Overeating and Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery (2022) · cites this paper as [96]
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“…been successfully used as an anti-stress and relaxation strategy to treat many chronic conditions exacerbated by negative emotions and social factors (e.g., quitting smoking [30]), chronic digestive diseases [31], cancer-related symptoms in palliative care setting [32], acute and chronic pain [33].”
HYPNOSIS, DIET AND WEIGHT REDUCTION
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
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Behavioral Interventions to Attenuate Driven Overeating and Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery
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“Nevertheless, mindfulness training is not yet a part of routine care for bariatric patients, and the longterm benefit and durability of such interventions are not known (96).”
BackgroundChronic Stress and Steatosis of Muscles, Bones, Liver, and Pancreas: A Review
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“, to limit impulsive and inappropriate use of food) [10].”
BackgroundHypnotherapy as a medical treatment: Evidence-based or pseudoscience?
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Psychosocial effects of hypnosis in patients with obesity: a pilot randomized controlled trial
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The Effectiveness of the Mindfulness‐Based Dietary Intervention on Body Weight and Eating Behaviors
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Does hypnosis result in greater weight loss compared to conventional approach?
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“It is possible that these results support the hypnotherapist’s ability to modify and change unfavorable dietary habits and reinforce a new ideology during the hypnotherapy session, which could boost motivation and self-control in reducing impulsiveness and overeating (Pellegrini et al., 2021).”
ResultA Qualitative Exploration of Weight Loss Experiences through Hypnotherapy
Roslim, N. A., Ahmad, A., Mansor, M. B., Aung, M. M. T., Hamzah, F., & Lua, P. L. (2023) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2023.2227237 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Moreover, hypnotherapy has emerged as an adjunctive approach to combat excess weight problems (Bo et al., 2018; Bolocofsky et al., 1985; Pellegrini et al., 2021).”
BackgroundSetoudeh, F., Molazem, Z., Setoodeh, G., & Ghaemmaghami, P. (2025) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-025-05060-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…medical conditions, including tinnitus [26], cardiovascular disease [27, 28], insomnia [29], chronic pains [30], digestive disorders [31], and obesity [32], but researchers have not identified studies that have evaluated the effects of smartphone-based self-help interventions in ACS patients.”
Mindfulness based interventions in the treatment of obesity
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“[7] Practicing mindfulness brings about improved self-compassion, self-control, and emotional regulation.”
BackgroundInfluentialRelação bidirecional entre obesidade e transtornos mentais
Rodrigues, M. A., Pinheiro, D. F., & Adami, E. R. (2023) · Simpósio Internacional Interdisciplinar dos Cursos da Área da Saúde · doi:10.17648/siics-2022-159565 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Understanding eating and drinking behaviours in Pakistani university students
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Antoun, J., Zouki, M. E., & Saadeh, M. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.14422
“Similar to other studies regarding hypnosis ( Pellegrini et al., 2021 ), dropout and recruitment are major obstacles.”
Alternative Weight Loss Methods
Poulos, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39168-2_10
Optimasi Peningkatan Self-Control melalui Teknik Self-Hypnosis
Paramartha, W. E., Dharsana, I. K., & Suranata, K. (2023) · ISLAMIC COUNSELING Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling Islam · doi:10.29240/jbk.v7i2.7795
“Selanjutnya, penelitian oleh Pellegrini et al. (2021) menemukan bahwa strategi self-hypnosis dan mindfulness digunakan dalam pengobatan untuk meningkatkan self-control, meningkatkan tingkat aktivitas fisik, meningkatkan self-esteem, dan memperkuat kontrol stimulus pada pasien obesitas.”
BackgroundPorto, E. B. S., Montero‐Marín, J., de Quadros, L. G., Kristeller, J. L., Sarubbi, V., Mattar, L. A., García‐Campayo, J., & Demarzo, M. (2024) · MethodsX · doi:10.1016/j.mex.2024.102885
“Additional research is needed to determine whether these strategies are effective in the long term and whether they can be routinely introduced into the clinical practice [ 26 ].”
BackgroundDong, W., Wang, Y., Xu, K., Wang, M., Xia, W., Chen, F., Tuerxun, P., Jiang, Y., Wei, M., Zhou, J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2025.1611282
“Unlike prior childhood obesity interventions (76, 77) that often relied on extrinsic motivators (e.g., rewards for compliance) or isolated skill-building without environmental reinforcement (32, 33), the WPHS integrates general self-regulation strategies (e.g., goal-setting, impulse control) with…”
Valiani, M., Fathi, M., & Navabizadeh, M. (2025) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_184_24
Kulkarni, B., & Pratibha, U. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-2317-6.ch008
Küçülmez, Ö., Ahi, E. D., Özbek, İ. C., & Afşar, S. İ. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1766305
“…diet and physical activity for obesity management, while emphasizing the need for further Abbreviations: VSABTH-T, attitudes and beliefs toward hypnosis scale; SSS, short form of the suggestibility scale; MISS, multidimensional IOWA suggestibility scale. research (Pellegrini et al., 2021).”
Wang, Y., He, M., Tian, Y., Deng, Y., & Deng, W. (2026) · American Journal of Otolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2026.104840
- Authors
- Pellegrini, M., Carletto, S., Scumaci, E., Ponzo, V., Ostacoli, L., & Bo, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Turin (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Bo, Simona
- Venue
- Current Obesity Reports
- Published
- 2021-05-29
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 351-364
- ISSN
- 2162-4968 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8408071
- OpenAlex
- W3165164047
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9
- FWCI
- 0.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Current Obesity Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Università degli Studi di Torino
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- obesity treatment, self-hypnosis, mindfulness, weight management, dietary habits, cognitive behavioral therapy, self-control, emotional eating, food cravings, body image, psychological intervention
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Hypnosis, Obesity, Weight Loss, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness
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