Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Childhood and Adolescence Affects Future Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies
Open accessAbstract
Although cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in childhood and adolescence may be linked to future cardiovascular health, there is currently limited evidence for a longitudinal association. To provide a systematic review on the prospective association between CRF in childhood and adolescence and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors at least 2 years later. Using a systematic search of Medline, Embase, and SPORTDiscus, relevant articles were identified by the following criteria: generally healthy children and adolescents between 3 and 18 years of age with CRF assessed at baseline, and a follow-up period of ≥ 2 years. The outcome measures were CVD risk factors. We appraised quality of the included articles with STROBE and QUIPS checklists. After screening 7524 titles and abstracts, we included 38 articles, assessing 44,169 children and adolescents followed up for a median of 6 years. Eleven articles were of high quality. There was considerable heterogeneity in methodology, measurement of CRF, and outcomes, which hampered meta-analysis. In approximately half of the included articles higher CRF in childhood and adolescence was associated with lower body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body fatness and lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome in later life. No associations between CRF in childhood and adolescence and future waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, lipid profile, and glucose homeostasis were observed. Although about half of the included articles reported inverse associations between CRF in childhood and adolescence and future BMI, body fatness, and metabolic syndrome, evidence for other CVD risk factors was unconvincing. Many articles did not account for important confounding factors such as adiposity. Recommendations for future research include standardizing the measurement of CRF, i.e. by reporting V O 2max , using standardized outcome assessments, and performing individual patient data meta-analyses.
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Children and adolescents having high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness have improved cardiovascular risk outcomes, including lower BMI, waist circumference and body fat, as well as a prevalence of metabolic dysregulation in later life.
“There is evidence to suggest that children and adolescents having high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness have improved cardiovascular risk outcomes, including lower BMI, waist circumference and body fat, as well as a prevalence of metabolic dysregulation in later life.60”
From Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) (2020) · cites this paper as [60]
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Inhospital Exercise Training in Children With Cancer: Does It Work for All?
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Griffith, G., Wang, A., Liem, R. I., Carr, M. R., Corson, T., & Ward, K. M. (2023) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113770 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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The association of dietary patterns and cardiorespiratory fitness: A systematic review
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Physical fitness attenuates the genetic predisposition to obesity in children and adolescents
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Remote assessment of physical fitness via videoconferencing: a systematic review
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Expert’s Choice: 2018’s Most Exciting Research in the Field of Pediatric Exercise Science
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Pengaruh Kebugaran Jasmani, Status Gizi, dan Motivasi Belajar terhadap Hasil Belajar PJOK
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- Authors
- Mintjens, S., Menting, M. D., Daams, J. G., van Poppel, M. N. M., Roseboom, T. J., & Gemke, R. J. B. J.
- Affiliations
- Emma Kinderziekenhuis (NL)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Mintjens, Stijn
- Venue
- Sports Medicine
- Published
- 2018-08-24
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2577-2605
- ISSN
- 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
- 1179-2035
- PMC
- PMC6182463
- OpenAlex
- W2888018855
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 3.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sports Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Hartstichting (2013T085)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- cardiorespiratory fitness, childhood, adolescence, cardiovascular risk factors, body mass index, adiposity, waist circumference, metabolic syndrome, blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose homeostasis, longitudinal associations, VO2max
- MeSH terms
- Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Adolescent, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Lipids, Male, Risk Factors, Body Mass Index, Metabolic Syndrome, Waist-Hip Ratio, Adiposity, Waist Circumference
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