A review of PID control, tuning methods and applications

Optimum Settings for Automatic Controllers

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Optimum Settings for Automatic Controllers

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A Particle Swarm Optimization Approach for Optimum Design of PID Controller in AVR System

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The future of PID control

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Automatic tuning and adaptation for PID controllers - a survey

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Tuning of PID controllers with fuzzy logic

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Designing Proportional Delayed Integral Control for Fast Regulation in Second-Order Systems: A Geometric Approach

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Addressing Actuator Saturation during Fault Compensation in Model-Based Underwater Vehicle Control

Macatangay, X., Hoseinnezhad, R., Fowler, A., Kayastha, S., & Bab‐Hadiashar, A. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12214495 · Cited by 8

Enhancing Autonomous Vehicle Stability through Pre-Emptive Braking Control for Emergency Collision Avoidance

Lai, F., & Wang, X. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app132413219 · Cited by 8

A temperature control algorithm for lithography machine based on generalized predictive control and BP neural network PI control

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RBF-ARX model-based predictive control approach to an inverted pendulum with self-triggered mechanism

Tian, B., Peng, H. Y., & Kang, T. (2024) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2024.115291 · Cited by 8

Multi-objective network resource allocation method based on fractional PID control

Ni, X., Wei, Y., Zhou, S., & Tao, M. (2024) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2024.109717 · Cited by 8

PID parameter tuning optimization based on multi-strategy fusion improved zebra optimization algorithm

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Solving trajectory tracking of robot manipulators via PID control with neural network compensation

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Event-triggered neuro-optimal fault tolerant control for uncertain macro–micro composite stage system with actuator faults

Zhang, S., Zhao, B., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2025.110207 · Cited by 8

A model-free and finite-time active disturbance rejection control method with parameter optimization

Zhang, Z., Guo, Y., Zhu, S., Jiao, F., Gong, D., & Song, X. (2025) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2025.127370 · Cited by 8

A Feedback‐Assisted Inverse Neural Network Controller for Cart‐Mounted Inverted Pendulum

Daksh, M. S., & Mishra, P. (2025) · Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing · doi:10.1155/acis/4873425 · Cited by 9

Frequency stabilization of a sophisticated multi-area interconnected hybrid power system considering non-inertia sources

Gawad, D. M., Magdy, G., Ebrahim, M. A., & Petlenkov, E. (2025) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.110730 · Cited by 8

Design and Validation of a New Tilting Rotor VTOL Drone: Structural Optimization, Flight Dynamics, and PID Control

Gong, H., He, W., Hou, S., Chen, M., Yang, Z., Si, Q., & Zhao, D. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25113537 · Cited by 8

Advanced control strategies for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles — A review

Maaruf, M., Babangida, A., Ahmed, I., Khalid, M., & Szemes, P. T. (2025) · Energy Conversion and Management X · doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101354 · Cited by 9

Recent Advances in Microalgae Cultivation Systems: Toward Autonomous Architecture

Sangregorio‐Soto, V., Mayorga, E. Y., & Perafán, R. D. L. H. (2026) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation12030147 · Cited by 10

Adaptive fault-tolerant control for distributed in-wheel motor drive electric vehicles with unknown brake systems’ faults

Wang, Q., Zhao, Y., Deng, H., & Lin, F. (2022) · Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering · doi:10.1177/09544070221130538 · Cited by 8

Smart Fuzzy Petri Net-Based Temperature Control Framework for Reducing Building Energy Consumption

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Design and Implementation of a Robust 6-DOF Quadrotor Controller Based on Kalman Filter for Position Control

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Modeling and control of TRDMR on a facade with thruster-driven adhesion

Choi, M., Ahn, S., Kim, H. S., & Seo, T. (2023) · Mechatronics · doi:10.1016/j.mechatronics.2023.103038 · Cited by 8

Photovoltaic-Based Dual Output DC–DC Converter Using Gravitational Search Algorithm-Tuned PI and Sliding Mode Controllers

Rajamani, M. P. E., Murugappan, M., Prakash, N. B., Gomesh, N., & Trabelsi, M. (2024) · Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s13369-024-08962-2 · Cited by 9

Hunting Search Algorithm-Based Adaptive Fuzzy Tracking Controller for an Aero-Pendulum

Rojas-Galván, R., García‐Martínez, J. R., Miguel, E. E. C., Barra-Vázquez, O. A., Olmedo-García, L. F., & Rodríguez‐Reséndiz, J. (2024) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies12050063 · Cited by 8

Reliable identification based intelligent PID tuning for long-period process control under different working conditions

Zhou, J., Wang, Z., & Luo, X. (2024) · Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers · doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2024.105630 · Cited by 8

Evaluation and optimization of adaptive cruise control in autonomous vehicles using the car learning to act simulator: A performance evaluation under various weather conditions

Al-Hindawi, R., & Alhadidi, T. I. (2025) · Sustainable Futures · doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100707 · Cited by 8

From PD to Fractional Order PD controller used for gait rehabilitation

Zaway, I., Jallouli–Khlif, R., Maalej, B., Medhaffar, H., & Derbel, N. (2021) · International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD) · doi:10.1109/ssd52085.2021.9429318 · Cited by 8

Intelligent Control System Architecture for Phosphorus Production from Apatite-Nepheline Ore Waste

Dli, M. I., Puchkov, A. Y., Vasiliev, A., Kirillova, E. A., Selyavskiy, Y., & Кулясов, Н. С. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14206469 · Cited by 8

Using a Combination of PID Control and Kalman Filter to Design of IoT-based Telepresence Self-balancing Robots during COVID-19 Pandemic

Suwarno, I., Ma’arif, A., Raharja, N. M., Hariadi, T. K., & Shomad, M. A. (2022) · Emerging Science Journal · doi:10.28991/esj-2021-sp1-016 · Cited by 8

Trajectory Tracking Control of Intelligent X-by-Wire Vehicles

Wang, Z., Li, Y., Kaku, C., & Zheng, H. (2022) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj13110205 · Cited by 8

RJVS: A novel, compact and integrated rotating joint with variable stiffness

Yang, Y., Lu, Y., Zhang, R., & Yue, H. (2023) · Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.ymssp.2023.110273 · Cited by 8

Self-Tuning Control Using an Online-Trained Neural Network to Position a Linear Actuator

Hernández-Alvarado, R., Rodríguez-Abreo, O., García-Guendulain, J. M., & Hernández‐Díaz, T. (2022) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi13050696 · Cited by 8

Model-free robust motion control for biological optical microscopy using time-delay estimation with an adaptive RBFNN compensator

Yu, S., Wu, H., Kang, S., Ma, J., Xie, M., & Dai, L. (2024) · ISA Transactions · doi:10.1016/j.isatra.2024.04.022 · Cited by 7

Design and test of reel speed control system for soybean combine harvester in the strip intercropping mode

Leng, Y., Fu, Y., Liu, K., Tang, P., Tang, J., Wang, R., & Lv, X. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73835-5 · Cited by 7

Research on online optimization scheme and deployment of PMSM control parameters based on honey badger algorithm

Zhu, X., Hu, Y., Yu, Y., Zeng, D., Yang, J., & Carbone, G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-77225-9 · Cited by 7

PEMFC Gas-Feeding Control: Critical Insights and Review

Fang, S., Feng, J., Fan, X., Chen, D., & Tan, C. (2024) · Actuators · doi:10.3390/act13110455 · Cited by 7

A Review of Research on Longitudinal Control of Intelligent Vehicles Based on Drive/Brake by Wire

Shi, P., Qian, X., Chakir, C., Sun, Y., Liang, T., & Yang, A. (2024) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj15120557 · Cited by 7

Research on explicit model predictive control method for horizontal vibration of high-speed elevator car system

Zhang, S., Zhang, Q., Su, X., Zhao, Z., He, Q., & Meng, L. (2024) · Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s40430-024-05349-0 · Cited by 7

Digital twin of micro-milling process for micro-tool wear

Christiand, C., Kiswanto, G., Baskoro, A. S., & Ko, T. J. (2025) · International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing · doi:10.1080/0951192x.2025.2461034 · Cited by 7

Research and analysis of pilot control effect of ship pilots based on human reliability

Fu, X. N., Shi, J., & Qian, D. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-93154-7 · Cited by 7

A review on VSC-HVDC control schemes

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How to support decision making with reinforcement learning in hierarchical chemical process control?

Szatmári, K., Chován, T., Németh, S., & Kummer, A. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100753 · Cited by 11

Adaptive Content Tuning of Social Network Digital Health Interventions Using Control Systems Engineering for Precision Public Health: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

Rocha, P., Pinheiro, D., Monteiro, R. D. P., Tubert, E., Romero, E., Bastos-Filho, C. J. A., Nuno, M. A., & Cadeiras, M. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/43132 · Cited by 7

Non-overshooting sliding mode for UAV control

Wang, X., & Mao, X. (2024) · The Aeronautical Journal · doi:10.1017/aer.2024.50 · Cited by 7

Implementation of a control and monitoring system for a cathodic protection cell to mitigate localized corrosion in fixed and mobile steel structures

Khudhair, A. B., & Hussein, F. I. (2024) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102553 · Cited by 7

Design of MEMS Pressure Sensor Anti-Interference System Based on Filtering and PID Compensation

Li, B., Sun, G., Zhang, H., Dong, L., & Kong, Y. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24175765 · Cited by 7

A Reinforcement-Learning-based Parameter Tuning Methodology for Traction Control in the Holistic Railway Digital Twin System

Zhou, S., Kugu, O., Wurth, L., & Grafinger, M. (2024) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2024.06.040 · Cited by 7

A comparative performance study of terminal control strategy for the multi-split backplane cooling system in data centers

Wei, C., Li, X., Li, M., Han, Z., Shao, S., & Zhou, B. (2024) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.10.018 · Cited by 7

Factor Graphs in Optimization-Based Robotic Control—A Tutorial and Review

Abdelkarim, A., Voos, H., & Görges, D. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3534993 · Cited by 7

Stepper Motor Position Control Using PD and MPC Algorithms Embedded in Programmable Logic Controller

Jaswal, A., Abu-Ayyad, M., Lad, Y. S., & Attaluri, A. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3544509 · Cited by 7

Temperature Control Performance Improvement of High-Power Laser Diode with Assistance of Machine Learning

He, Y., Jin, X., Jin, P., Su, J., Li, F., & Lu, H. (2025) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics12030241 · Cited by 9

Chattering-Free PID-Nested Nonsingular Terminal Sliding Mode Controller Design for Electrical Servo Drives

Trieu, N. M., No, N. T., Vu, T. N., & Thinh, N. T. (2025) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math13071197 · Cited by 7

An intelligent self-tuning fuzzy-PID controller to coupled tank liquid level system

Bhandare, D. S., Kulkarni, N. R., & Bakshi, M. (2021) · International Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s41870-021-00810-y · Cited by 7

Optimization of Gantry Crane PID Controller Based on PSO, SFS, and FPA

Bandong, S., Miransyahputra, M. R., Setiaji, Y., Nazaruddin, Y. Y., Siregar, P. I., & Joelianto, E. (2021) · Society of Instrument and Control Engineers of Japan · Cited by 7

Adaptive on-Line Approximator-Based Finite-Time Trajectory Tracking Control for the Surface Vessel

Zhang, Y., Tan, W., Meng, X., Zhang, Q., & Hu, Y. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3210345 · Cited by 7

Dynamic response characteristics of multiplicative faults in a misaligned-bowed rotor-train system integrated with active magnetic bearings

Gautam, A. K., & Tiwari, R. (2023) · International Journal of Dynamics and Control · doi:10.1007/s40435-023-01203-8 · Cited by 7

Thermal and magnetic field analysis of temperature control module for VCSEL chips

Li, D., Chen, C., Ruan, Y., Wang, Z., Lin, Q., & Li, L. (2023) · Case Studies in Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.csite.2023.103634 · Cited by 7

Fixed/predefined-time stability and designing of terminal sliding mode control of impulsive dynamical systems

Mapui, A., Jamal, M. A., & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2024) · International Journal of Systems Science · doi:10.1080/00207721.2024.2388809 · Cited by 6

Design and development of closed-loop controllers for trajectory tracking of a planar vibration-driven robot

Mousavi, S. M. R., & Fakhari, V. (2024) · Journal of Vibration and Control · doi:10.1177/10775463241276026 · Cited by 6

Hybrid golden jackal and golden sine optimizer for tuning PID controllers

Mou, K., Yang, M. B., Zhang, M., & Wang, D. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73473-x · Cited by 6

Robust Backstepping Control of a Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle under Colored Noises

Karahan, M. (2025) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2024.059123 · Cited by 6

Improved 3-D PDR: Optimized Motion Pattern Recognition and Adaptive Step Length Estimation

Li, C., Yu, S., Dong, X., Yu, D., & Xiao, J. (2025) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2025.3530012 · Cited by 6

Data-Driven Fault-Tolerant Bipartite Consensus for Multiagent Systems With Directed Topology

Wang, Y., & Du, Z. (2025) · IEEE Systems Journal · doi:10.1109/jsyst.2025.3540722 · Cited by 6

A boron concentration maneuvering control algorithm for reactivity management during transients in VVER-1000 nuclear power units

Salman, A. E., & Gomaa, H. E. M. (2025) · Annals of Nuclear Energy · doi:10.1016/j.anucene.2025.111381 · Cited by 6

Shipboard Microgrid Frequency Control Using Error Performance Criteria

Waghmare, A. V., Singh, V. P., Mathur, A., Murari, K., Mishra, M. K., & Al‐Sumaiti, A. S. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems · doi:10.1109/pedes61459.2024.10961533 · Cited by 7

Precision and Stability in Hydrostatic Transmissions with Robust H∞ Control Under Parametric Uncertainties

Mishra, S. K., Wrat, G., Ranjan, P., Jose, J. T., & Das, J. (2025) · Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses · doi:10.3390/jeta3020014 · Cited by 6

Development of a Small CNC Machining Center for Physical Implementation and a Digital Twin

Petru, C.-D., Morariu, F., Breaz, R.-E., Crenganiș, M., Racz, S., Gîrjob, C., Bârsan, A., & Biriș, C. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15105549 · Cited by 6

Evaluating the ANN Model Performance for PID Controller Tuning in Flow Process Control: A Comparative Study

Assani, N., & Matić, P. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3571222 · Cited by 6

Surrogate model-integrated deep reinforcement learning for temperature and pyrolysis behavior control in the coal coking process

Zhao, P., Hui, Y., Qiu, Y., 窦金孝, Bhattacharya, S., Dai, B., & Yu, J. (2025) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2025.136770 · Cited by 6

GRU-enhanced extended-state Kalman filter for online disturbance estimation in MPC of supercritical cogeneration units

Guo, M., Hao, Y., Wu, Z., & Sun, L. (2026) · Control Engineering Practice · doi:10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106989 · Cited by 6

Numerical and experimental study of feedforward and feedback control for microchannel cooling system

Jin, Q., Yin, Z., & Dai, Q. (2022) · International Journal of Thermal Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2022.107643 · Cited by 6

Using Q-learning to Automatically Tune Quadcopter PID Controller Online for Fast Altitude Stabilization

Alrubyli, Y., & Bonarini, A. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA) · doi:10.1109/icma54519.2022.9856292 · Cited by 8

Multicase finite-time stabilization of stochastic memristor neural network with adaptive PI control

Wei, F., Chen, G., & Zhu, S. (2023) · Science China Information Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11432-022-3790-4 · Cited by 6

An infrared and visible light video fusion method based on chaos theory and PID control

Tang, X., Wang, J., & Dong, L. (2024) · Infrared Physics & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105422 · Cited by 6

Tuning of a Robotic Arm using PID Controller for Robotics and Automation Industry

Kulkarni, P., Kulkarni, O., & Sayyad, J. K. (2024) · International Conference on Energy, Power and Environment (ICEPE) · doi:10.1109/icepe63236.2024.10668952 · Cited by 6

Fuzzy-PID and interpolation: a novel synergetic approach to process control

Jha, D., Ahmed, A., Kumar, S., & Roy, D. (2024) · An International Journal of Optimization and Control Theories & Applications (IJOCTA) · doi:10.11121/ijocta.1483 · Cited by 6

Trajectory tracking control of a 6-DOF robotic arm based on improved FOPID

Jiang, Z., Zhang, X., & Liu, G. (2025) · International Journal of Dynamics and Control · doi:10.1007/s40435-025-01620-x · Cited by 6

Neural networks meet PID control: Revolutionizing manipulator regulation with gravitational compensation

Moran-Armenta, M., Montoya–Cháirez, J., Rossomando, F., Slawiñski, E., Mut, V. A., Chicaiza, F. A., & Moreno–Valenzuela, J. (2025) · IFAC Journal of Systems and Control · doi:10.1016/j.ifacsc.2025.100306 · Cited by 6

Research on a bipolar-pulse electrostatic elimination system based on a Smith–PI predictor controller

Cheng, N., Zeng, M., Huang, Y., & Zhao, M. (2025) · Journal of Electrostatics · doi:10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104082 · Cited by 6

Proportional observer design for port Hamiltonian systems using the contraction analysis approach

Zenfari, S., Laabissi, M., & Achhab, M. E. (2021) · International Journal of Dynamics and Control · doi:10.1007/s40435-021-00830-3 · Cited by 6

Position Encoder Analysis and Low Delay Control for a Medical Robot with Six DoFs

Liang, W., Zhou, X., & Lan, Q. (2022) · Journal of Sensors · doi:10.1155/2022/1412068 · Cited by 6

Automatic Tuning of MPC using Genetic Algorithm with Historic Process Data

Sha’aban, Y. A. (2022) · IEEE International Colloquium on Signal Processing & Its Applications (CSPA) · doi:10.1109/cspa55076.2022.9782011 · Cited by 6

Application of PID Control and Improved Ant Colony Algorithm in Path Planning of Substation Inspection Robot

Kang, Y., Li, Z., & Wang, T. (2022) · Mathematical Problems in Engineering · doi:10.1155/2022/9453219 · Cited by 6

Design of discrete PID controllers for maximizing stability margins

Guo, T., Hwang, C., & Lu, L. (2022) · Asian Journal of Control · doi:10.1002/asjc.2940 · Cited by 6

Real-world engineering problems: Two surrogate methods for robust vibration control of moving mass-beam coupling systems with epistemic uncertainty

Liu, X.-X., Xie, Q.-Z., Du, R., & Zhang, F. (2022) · Aerospace Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.ast.2022.107916 · Cited by 6

An improved Sliding Mode Observer for parameter estimation in induction motor drive with optimised gains

Pudari, M., Arya, S. R., & Arya, R. K. (2023) · Australian Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering · doi:10.1080/1448837x.2023.2174110 · Cited by 6

Performance of synchronization in networks of chaotic systems under different PID coupling schemes

Parastesh, F., Dayani, Z., Bahramian, A., Jafari, S., & Chen, G. (2023) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2023.129087 · Cited by 6

Honey Badger Algorithm Based PI Controller for DC Link Voltage Control of Solar Photovoltaic System Connected to Grid for Enhanced Power Quality

Prajapati, S., Garg, R., & Mahajan, P. (2024) · Electric Power Components and Systems · doi:10.1080/15325008.2024.2304147 · Cited by 6

Integrated Room Monitoring and Air Conditioning Efficiency Optimization Using ESP-12E Based Sensors and PID Control Automation: A Comprehensive Approach

Desnanjaya, I. G. M. N., Pradhana, A. A. S., Putra, I. N. T. A., Widiastutik, S., & Nugraha, I. M. A. (2023) · Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC) · doi:10.18196/jrc.v4i6.18868 · Cited by 6

Adaptive Parallel Iterative Learning Control with A Time-Varying Sign Gain Approach Empowered by Expert System

Chotikunnan, P., Chotikunnan, R., & Minyong, P. (2024) · Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC) · doi:10.18196/jrc.v5i1.20890 · Cited by 6

Enhanced Optimization of Shell Heavy Oil Fractionator using Tree Seed Algorithm-based Decentralized PID Controller with Disk Margin Analysis

Achu Govind, K. R., Mahapatra, S., & Mahapatro, S. R. (2024) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2024.05.068 · Cited by 6

IMC based robust and innovative control strategies for higher-order DC-DC converter in DC microgrid applications

Gupta, M., Garg, M. M., & Gupta, N. (2024) · e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering Electronics and Energy · doi:10.1016/j.prime.2024.100672 · Cited by 6

Optimization of fractional-order PI-PID controllers for MIMO systems using artificial bee colony algorithm

Djaballah, C. B., Nouibat, W., & Ayad, R. (2024) · Soft Computing · doi:10.1007/s00500-024-09776-y · Cited by 6

A Comparative Study on The Tuning of The PID Flight Controllers Using Swarm Intelligence

Kaba, A. (2020) · International Journal of Aviation Science and Technology · doi:10.23890/ijast.vm01is02.0205 · Cited by 6

Improved constant phase fractional order approximation method for induction motor FOPI speed controller

Adigintla, S., & Aware, M. V. (2022) · International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications · doi:10.1002/cta.3472 · Cited by 6

Anti-lock braking system control design using a non-linear multi-body dynamic model for a two wheeled vehicle

Khadr, A., Houidi, A., & Romdhane, L. (2024) · Engineering Research Express · doi:10.1088/2631-8695/ad337f · Cited by 5

Energy balance error compensated extended-state Kalman filter-based model predictive control of a 300 MW boiler-turbine unit

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