The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 12 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa.
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: Social media use is ever increasing amongst young adults and has previously been shown to have negative effects on body image, depression, social comparison, and disordered eating. One eating disorder of interest in this context is orthorexia nervosa, an obsession with eating healthily. High orthorexia nervosa prevalence has been found in populations who take an active interest in their health and body and is frequently comorbid with anorexia nervosa. Here, we investigate links between social media use, in particularly Instagram and orthorexia nervosa symptoms. METHODS: We conducted an online survey of social media users (N = 680) following health food accounts. We assessed their social media use, eating behaviours, and orthorexia nervosa symptoms using the ORTO-15 inventory. RESULTS: Higher Instagram use was associated with a greater tendency towards orthorexia nervosa, with no other social media channel having this effect. In exploratory analyses Twitter showed a small positive association with orthorexia symptoms. BMI and age had no association with orthorexia nervosa. The prevalence of orthorexia nervosa among the study population was 49%, which is significantly higher than the general population (<1%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the healthy eating community on Instagram has a high prevalence of orthorexia symptoms, with higher Instagram use being linked to increased symptoms. These findings highlight the implications social media can have on psychological wellbeing, and the influence social media 'celebrities' may have over hundreds of thousands of individuals. These results may also have clinical implications for eating disorder development and recovery.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In an online survey of 680 female social media users, higher Instagram use was associated with greater orthorexia nervosa symptoms as measured by ORTO-15. The sample showed a high prevalence of ON symptoms (49% using the <35 cut-off) compared with <1% in the general population.
Key findings
- Instagram use was negatively correlated with ORTO-15 score (r = −0.10, p = 0.01), meaning higher Instagram use was linked to greater ON symptoms; in regression, Instagram use (β = −0.12, p = 0.003) and country of residence (β = 0.23, p < 0.001) were significant predictors.
- ON prevalence in the sample was 49.0% with the <35 cut-off and 90.6% with the <40 cut-off; among Instagram users it was 49.3% and 90.4%, respectively, versus <1% in the general population.
- No significant relationships were found between ORTO-15 and number of food types eaten (r = −0.01, p = 0.87), number of social media channels used (r < 0.01, p = 0.99), age (r = −0.06, p = 0.13), or BMI (r = −0.03, p = 0.47); diet types also did not differ [F(5,674) = 0.705, p = 0.620].
- Twitter showed a small positive correlation with ORTO-15 score (r = 0.12, p = 0.04) in exploratory analysis; the paper describes this inconsistently as a positive association with ON symptoms in the abstract and as possibly protective in the discussion.
Methods
- Online Qualtrics survey; participants were recruited via unpaid advertisements on Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter, plus the “Plantbased Pixie” blog and “Health Bloggers Community” newsletter. Data were collected from 713 participants (23 males, 686 females, 4 other/prefer not to say; mean age 24.96 ± 8.17 years); final analysis included 680 females after excluding non-female participants and missing ORTO-15 data.
- Measures included social media channels and time spent, dietary choices (19 food types and diet label), ORTO-15, and demographics. ORTO-15 lower scores indicate higher ON symptoms; cut-offs of <40 and <35 were used.
- Analyses used Spearman correlations for social media use and ORTO-15, Pearson correlations for age/BMI, one-way ANOVA for diet types, and linear regression with Instagram use, age, BMI, ethnicity, and country of residence.
Limitations
- The paper states convenience non-random sampling, with 83% of participants recruited from the author’s Instagram account; the study title (“Health habits on social media”) may have attracted health-interested individuals; BMI was self-reported; medical diets were not assessed; and causality cannot be established due to the correlational design.
- The paper also notes possible interactions among multiple social media channels and that the sample was restricted to females because the number of male participants was too low for adequate power.
- The introduction notes ORTO-15 psychometric limitations, including internal consistency issues, lack of standardisation, cultural variation, and possible false positives from the high cut-off score.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence of ON in our sample was 90.6% with a cut-off score of <40, or 49.0% with a cut-off score of <35.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Results > Sample characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence of ON in our sample was 90.6% with a cut-off score of <40, or 49.0% with a cut-off score of <35.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Results > Sample characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No relationship was found between ORTO-15 scores and number of food types eaten (r = −0.01; p = 0.87), number of social media channels used (r < 0.01; p = 0.99), age (r = −0.06; p = 0.13), or BMI (r = −0.03; p = 0.47).”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Results > Inferential Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No relationship was found between ORTO-15 scores and number of food types eaten (r = −0.01; p = 0.87), number of social media channels used (r < 0.01; p = 0.99), age (r = −0.06; p = 0.13), or BMI (r = −0.03; p = 0.47).”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Results > Inferential Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“except Twitter which showed a small positive correlation (r = 0.12, p = 0.04).”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Results > Inferential Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall model was significant [F(5,648) = 9.58, p < 0.001)] with Instagram use (β = −0.12, p = 0.003) and country of residence (β = 0.23, p < 0.001) being significant predictors.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Results > Inferential Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No relationship was found between ORTO-15 scores and number of food types eaten (r = −0.01; p = 0.87), number of social media channels used (r < 0.01; p = 0.99), age (r = −0.06; p = 0.13), or BMI (r = −0.03; p = 0.47).”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Results > Inferential Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were also no significant differences in ORTO-15 score between diet types as determined by one-way ANOVA [F(5,674) = 0.705, p = 0.620].”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Results > Inferential Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No relationship was found between ORTO-15 scores and number of food types eaten (r = −0.01; p = 0.87), number of social media channels used (r < 0.01; p = 0.99), age (r = −0.06; p = 0.13), or BMI (r = −0.03; p = 0.47).”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Results > Inferential Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall model was significant [F(5,648) = 9.58, p < 0.001)] with Instagram use (β = −0.12, p = 0.003) and country of residence (β = 0.23, p < 0.001) being significant predictors.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Results > Inferential Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 6
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher Instagram use was associated with a greater tendency towards orthorexia nervosa, with no other social media channel having this effect.”
- Also stated in: § Inferential Results · plain
“As predicted, there was a negative correlation between ORTO-15 score and Instagram use (r = −0.10; p = 0.01) (Fig. 1).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“We found a significant relationship between symptoms of ON as measured by the ORTO-15 test and Instagram use, with higher Instagram use being associated with a greater tendency towards ON.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Inferential Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with no other social media channel having this effect.”
- Also stated in: § Inferential Results · plain
“No significant relationship was found between ORTO-15 score and other social media use (Table 3), except Twitter which showed a small positive correlation (r = 0.12, p = 0.04).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“No other social media channels were found to have this effect, although Twitter seemed to have a small protective association.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Inferential Results · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although Twitter seemed to have a small protective association.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the effect size was small, the large population of social media users, now over 500 million on Instagram alone, means that this is a meaningful effect at population level.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with higher Instagram use being linked to increased symptoms.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Abstract > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, BMI was calculated from self-report rather than measured, accordingly, we cannot rule out error and deliberate miss-reporting.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Discussion > Limitations and further research
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were recruited through convenient non-random sampling, with the majority coming from the author’s Instagram account (83%), which is not representative of the general population.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Discussion > Limitations and further research
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We decided to concentrate on female participants as the N recruited for men was too low to provide adequate power for statistical analyses.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Methods and materials > Participants
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants gave their informed consent before starting the questionnaire and the study was approved by the UCL ethics committee.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Methods and materials > Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We used two cut-off scores due to disagreement in the literature over the appropriate cut-off point: less than 40 (following [28]), and less than 35 (following [35]).”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Methods and materials > Assessment and analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Arusoğlu G, Kabakci E, Köksal G, Merdol TK (2008) Orthorexia nervosa and adaptaon of ORTO-11 into Turkish. Turk J Psychiatry 19(3):283–291
- Not checked yetcites [35] Missbach B, Dunn TM, König JS (2016) We need new tools to assess Orthorexia Nervosa. A commentary on “Prevalence of Orthorexia Nervosa among College Students Based on Bratman’s Test and Associated Tendencies”. Appetite 108:521 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“social media use has been associated with higher levels of depression in young adults [14]”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Sidani JE, Shensa A, Radovic A, Miller E, Colditz JB, Hoffman BL, Giles LM, Primack BA (2016) Association between social media use and depression among US young adults. Depress Anxiety 33(4):323–331 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Currently the relationship between ON and social media use is unclear, although links between social media use and AN have been reported.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Introduction
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the research title (Health habits on social media) may have attracted individuals with an interest in health.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Discussion > Limitations and further research
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Previous work around similar disorders suggests that social media use may contribute to an ‘echo-chamber’ effect, where users perceive their values and world-views to be more common than they actually are, due to selectively viewing contributions of other, similarly minded people [5].”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Salathé M, Khandelwal S (2011) Assessing vaccination sentiments with online social media: implications for infectious disease dynamics and control. PLoS Comput Biol 7(10):e1002199 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Higher prevalence has been found in yoga instructors [30], dieticians, [31], nutrition students [32], and exercise science students [33] compared to the general population.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Valera JH, Ruiz PA, Valdespino BR, Visioli F (2014) Prevalence of orthorexia nervosa among ashtanga yoga practitioners: a pilot study. Eat Weight Disord-Stud Anorex Bulim Obes 19(4):469–472 source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Asil E, Sürücüoğlu MS (2015) Orthorexia nervosa in Turkish dietitians. Ecol Food Nutr 54(4):303–313 source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Bo S, Zoccali R, Ponzo V, Soldati L, De Carli L, Benso A, Fea E, Rainoldi A, Durazzo M, Fassino S (2014) University courses, eating problems and muscle dysmorphia: are there any associations? J Transl Med 12(1):1 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To assess the robustness of the correlation between ORTO-15 and Instagram use when controlling for potentially confounding demographic variables, we additionally conducted linear regression analysis with ORTO-15 score as the outcome measure and Instagram use, age, BMI, ethnicity (dummy coded as white/non-white), and country of residence (dummy coded as UK/non-UK) as the predictor variables.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Results > Inferential Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Social media use is constantly increasing, with now 90% of UK young adults (aged 16–34 years) accessing social media platforms [1].”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Ofcom (2015) Communications Market Report 2015. Ofcom
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“as well as eating disorders and related behaviours [15]”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Carrotte ER, Vella AM, Lim MS (2015) Predictors of “liking” three types of health and fitness-related content on social media: a cross-sectional study. J Med Internet Res 17(8) source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, we did not assess whether some participants followed a strict diet for medical reasons.”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Discussion > Limitations and further research
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There is some overlap between ON, AN and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) [25].”
§ Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Koven NS, Abry AW (2015) The clinical basis of orthorexia nervosa: emerging perspectives. Neuropsychiatric Disease & Treatment 11
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A study of 713 participants confirmed orthorexia nervosa prevalence of 49% [70], far greater than the estimated <1% in the general UK population.”
From The social media diet: A scoping review to investigate the association between social media, body image and eating disorders amongst young people (2023) · cites this paper as [70]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Disturbingly high prevalence of body image dissatisfaction, disordered eating pathology and comorbid mental health outcomes were reported amongst young social media users in this review [57, 66, 70].”
From The social media diet: A scoping review to investigate the association between social media, body image and eating disorders amongst young people (2023) · cites this paper as [70]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“One cross-sectional and one qualitative study indicated orthorexia nervosa symptomatology amongst participants, ranging from obsessions with ‘clean eating’ to avoidance of ‘demonised’ foods and compulsive exercise behaviours [64, 70].”
From The social media diet: A scoping review to investigate the association between social media, body image and eating disorders amongst young people (2023) · cites this paper as [70]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(5, 674) = 0.705reported p = .62 · recomputed p = .620
“F(5,674) = 0.705, p = .620”
- ConsistentF(5, 648) = 9.58reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(5,648) = 9.58, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Average number of channels conflicts with channel-use percentages
MinorThe seven channel-use percentages in Table 2 imply an average of 3.405 channels per participant, rather than the reported 3.55. This difference is too large to result from rounding the percentages.
“| Number of social media channels (out of n = 7) | 3.55 ± 1.25 |”
“| % using this channel | 94.5% | 88.1% | 41.0% | 54.9% | 12.3% | 20.7% | 29.0% |”
Twitter association is described in opposite directions
MinorThe discussion calls Twitter use positively associated with ON symptoms but also calls its association protective. The reported positive correlation is with ORTO-15 score, for which higher scores indicate fewer symptoms, supporting the protective description.
“exploratory analysis into other social media channels showed that Twitter had a positive association with ON symptoms.”
“No other social media channels were found to have this effect, although Twitter seemed to have a small protective association.”
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“However, image-based platforms such as Instagram have also been shown to confer a significant decrease in self-reported loneliness to users, whereas text-based platforms such as Twitter do not [21].”
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“[9] eight popular content types for the frequency with which they typically appear on their feed.”
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“However, Dunn and Bratman [24] make a compelling argument that there is sufficient evidence to suggest ON is a distinct condition.”
BackgroundInfluentialConditions for a Picture-Superiority Effect on Consumer Memory
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“1 3 First, the image-focused nature of Instagram, which plays to the picture-superiority effect—whereby images are more likely to be remembered than words [39]—and makes Instagram ideal for sharing food images.”
Background
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Orthorexia Nervosa Is a Concern in Gastroenterology: A Scoping Review
Tuck, C. J., Sultan, N., Tonkovic, M., & Biesiekierski, J. R. (2022) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.14427 · Cited by 19
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“Previous research on mental health and social media tended to focus on the apparent and strong effects of internet addiction due to extensive gaming [21] or eating disorders [57].”
BackgroundChristensen, K. A., Forbush, K. T., Cushing, C. C., Lejuez, C. W., Fleming, K., & Romine, R. S. (2021) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23518 · Cited by 18
I tweet, therefore I am: a systematic review on social media use and disorders of the social brain
Yang, N. Y., & Crespi, B. J. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06528-6 · Cited by 22
Sensing Eating Events in Context: A Smartphone-Only Approach
Bangamuarachchi, W., Chamantha, A., Meegahapola, L., Ruiz-Correa, S., Perera, I., & Gatica-Perez, D. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3179702 · Cited by 17
“[32] showed that excessive Instagram usage could be indicative of Orthorexia Nervosa, a condition of having an obsession with maintaining a healthy eating behavior, including a focus on healthy eating, food anxiety, and dietary restrictions.”
Background#foodie: Implications of interacting with social media for memory
Zimmerman, J., & Brown-Schmidt, S. (2020) · Cognitive Research · doi:10.1186/s41235-020-00216-7 · Cited by 14
Disinformation about diet and nutrition on social networks: a review of the literature
Fernández, S. S., Jiménez-Gómez, B., Hidalgo, P. J. J., Lozano-Estevan, M. D. C., & Herrera‐Peco, I. (2025) · Nutrición Hospitalaria · doi:10.20960/nh.05533 · Cited by 29
Social media and disordered eating among middle-aged women: Not just an adolescent concern
Thompson, K. A., Miller, A. J., Walsh, E. C., & Bardone‐Cone, A. M. (2023) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101748 · Cited by 21
Functional gastrointestinal symptoms and increased risk for orthorexia nervosa
Gajdos, P., Román, N., Tóth‐Király, I., & Rigó, A. (2021) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01242-0 · Cited by 16
Does media content have an impact on help-seeking behaviors for mental illness? A systematic review
Goodwin, J., & Behan, L. (2023) · Mental Health Review Journal · doi:10.1108/mhrj-06-2022-0038 · Cited by 23
Dam, L., Basaran, A. M. B., & Burroughs, B. (2023) · Journal of Promotion Management · doi:10.1080/10496491.2023.2253244 · Cited by 23
“Researchers have not only found that watching food-related social media posts can increase food consumption (Coates et al., 2019; Folkvord et al., 2020; Hawkins et al., 2021), but can lead to negative health behaviors (Kircaburun et al., 2022; Lee & Wan, 2023; Turner & Lefevre, 2017).”
BackgroundDeBois, K., & Chatfield, S. L. (2020) · Eating and Weight Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40519-020-01049-5 · Cited by 13
“9% in the initial application [7] to over 90% [8].”
BackgroundRafati, F., Dehdashti, N., & Sadeghi, A. (2021) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2021.1979065 · Cited by 22
Steube, F., Löwe, B., & Weigel, A. (2022) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-022-01381-y · Cited by 19
“1 3 and developing an eating disorder [45], and blogs that are run by the most popular creators of pregnancy workout and nutrition e-guides undermining the relevance of our studies’ results.”
BackgroundO’Kane, N., McKinley, M. C., Gough, A., & Hunter, R. F. (2022) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-022-01207-9 · Cited by 16
Orthorexia nervosa: Verhaltensauffälligkeit oder neue Störungskategorie?
Strahler, J., & Stark, R. M. (2018) · Suchttherapie · doi:10.1055/a-0707-7722 · Cited by 16
“durch soziokulturelle Lernprozesse und Vorbilder geprägt ist während sich im weiteren Lebensverlauf dieser Einfluss relativiert [72, 81].”
BackgroundShine, D., Minehan, M., & Knight‐Agarwal, C. (2022) · Nutrition & Dietetics · doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12765 · Cited by 14
Orthorexia nervosa and Instagram: exploring the Russian-speaking conversation around #opтopeкcия
Zemlyanskaya, Y., Valente, M., & Syurina, E. V. (2021) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01230-4 · Cited by 16
Repercussões do Acesso às Redes Sociais em Pessoas com Diagnóstico de Anorexia Nervosa
de Moraes, R. B., dos Santos, M. A., & Leonidas, C. (2021) · Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologia · doi:10.12957/epp.2021.62734 · Cited by 16
“…práticas, incentivados por subcelebridades que se autoproclamam “autoridades em saúde” e que se oferecem como “modelos” corporais a serem seguidos e idolatrados, com postagens ilustradas com as últimas proezas que realizaram rumo à obtenção do ideal de “corpo perfeito” (Turner & Lefevre, 2017).”
BackgroundOrthorexia nervosa and its association with narcissism in fitness center users
Martinović, D., Tokić, D., Martinovic, L., Rakušić, M., Kumrić, M., Rušić, D., Vilović, M., Vrdoljak, J., Kurir, T. T., & Božić, J. (2022) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-022-01368-9 · Cited by 18
L’orthorexie : une nouvelle forme de trouble des conduites alimentaires ?
Goutaudier, N., & Rousseau, A. (2019) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2019.07.005 · Cited by 15
The effect of social media use on orthorexia nervosa: a sample from Turkey
Yılmaz, M. V., Asil, E., Ayyıldız, F., & Yalçın, T. (2023) · Nutrición Hospitalaria · doi:10.20960/nh.04217 · Cited by 16
Başaran, A. G., & Özbek, Y. D. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13120958 · Cited by 16
“In this study, the finding that gender [3,11,23,36,37], age [11,59,60], and place of residence [23] did not make a significant difference in people with higher orthorexia nervosa symptoms is similar to other studies.”
ResultA Systematic Review on the Prevalence and Risk of Orthorexia Nervosa in Health Workers and Students
McInerney, E. G., Stapleton, P., & Baumann, O. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21081103 · Cited by 14
“Moreover, a noteworthy correlation between ORTO-15 scores and the usage of the social media platform Instagram suggests that social comparison may contribute to orthorexia via an association with dietary standards rather than body image [59].”
BackgroundPérez‐Pérez, M., Igrejas, G., Fdez‐Riverola, F., & Lourenço, A. M. G. (2021) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2021.102131 · Cited by 12
Are you ready for the challenge? Social media health challenges for behaviour change
Saboia, I., Almeida, A. M. P., Sousa, P., & Pernencar, C. (2020) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-020-00261-z · Cited by 13
“…several studies that relate Social Media to orthorexia, an eating disorder where there is an excessive worry to eat healthily (Koven & Wabry, 2015; Turner & Lefevre, 2017), leading to other negative aspects such as bulimia, anorexia, and others (Brien, 2015; Holland & Tiggemann, 2017; Pater,…”
BackgroundPaludo, A. C., Magatão, M., Martins, H. R. F., Martins, M. V. S., & Kumstát, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856185 · Cited by 17
Cao, C., Li, D., Xu, Q. A., & Shao, X. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811240 · Cited by 14
“For example, Turner and Lefevre [23] found that the frequency of Instagram use was positively correlated with the occurrence of orthorexia and the severity of the symptoms.”
BackgroundKinkel‐Ram, S. S., Staples, C., Rancourt, D., & Smith, A. R. (2022) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101679 · Cited by 13
Evolutionary aspects of a new eating disorder: Orthorexia nervosa in the 21st century
Bóna, E., Túry, F., & Forgács, A. (2019) · Psychological Thought · doi:10.5964/psyct.v12i2.356 · Cited by 13
“…people with disordered eating (Rangel, Dukeshire, & MacDonald, 2012), and it has also been shown that social media groups and hashtags have the ability to provide a space to connect, understanding and provide support for like-minded people (Juarascio, Shoaib, & Timko, 2010; Turner & Lefevre, 2017).”
BackgroundToğuç, H., & Hökelek, B. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03409-1 · Cited by 12
“Studies show that there is an increase in cases of orthorexia nervosa with the increase in social media use [11].”
Problem Gambling in the Fitness World—A General Population Web Survey
Håkansson, A., Entezarjou, A., Kenttä, G., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., & Gunnarsson, B. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17041342 · Cited by 11
Vintró‐Alcaraz, C., Reque, C. B., Paslakis, G., & Testa, G. (2025) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.70027 · Cited by 10
Food intolerances in children and adolescents in Switzerland
Légeret, C., Lohmann, C., Furlano, R. I., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-022-04755-7 · Cited by 10
“, which has a demonstrable effect on teenagers’ own eating behavior [9, 10].”
BackgroundHamurcu, P. (2023) · Journal of Dependence · doi:10.51982/bagimli.1139475 · Cited by 10
Assessment of eating disorders and depression in postpartum women
Tayhan, F., Doğan, G., Ayhan, N. Y., & Sancar, C. (2023) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-023-01384-7 · Cited by 9
“It has also been linked to other eating disorders [6].”
Atsizata, M., & SÖGÜT, S. C. (2024) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2024.01.008 · Cited by 11
Media Influences on Body Image & Eating Behaviors in Adolescents
Kwon, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45103-5_7 · Cited by 12
“Everywhere You Look, You’ll Find Food”: Emerging Adult Perspectives Toward the Food Media Landscape
Decorte, P., Cuykx, I., Teunissen, L., Poels, K., Smits, T., Pabian, S., Royen, K. V., & Backer, C. J. S. D. (2021) · Ecology of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/03670244.2021.1982711 · Cited by 10
Albery, I. P., Shove, E., Bartlett, G., Frings, D., & Spada, M. M. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106261 · Cited by 13
“With the ever-increasing presence of healthy eating messages and communications in mass and social media which arguably present similar features (Turner & Lefevre, 2017), there is a clear need to understand potential cognitive and social psychological processes involved in ON and in particular…”
BackgroundMhanna, M., Azzi, R., Hallit, S. R., Obeïd, S., & Soufia, M. (2023) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2022.2163732 · Cited by 8
“Higher social media use was found correlated with higher ON tendencies (Turner & Lefevre, 2017).”
BackgroundTalbot, C. V., Campbell, C. E. R., & Greville-Harris, M. (2023) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-023-01554-3 · Cited by 10
“For example, researchers have noted the dominance of clean eating content on Instagram [18, 19], and have found that Instagram usage is associated with elevated levels of ON symptoms [20].”
BackgroundThe role and impact of health literacy on peer-to-peer health communication
Peterson, E. B., Gaysynsky, A., Chou, W. S., & Rising, C. J. (2019) · Information Services & Use · doi:10.3233/isu-180039 · Cited by 13
“However, health providers are growing increasingly concerned about the potential harms of these accounts, suggesting they may be leading to increased distress and the development of eating disorders among followers [23].”
InfluentialInfluence of social media on how college students perceive healthy relationships and consent
Baldwin‐White, A., & Gower, K. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1927049 · Cited by 10
Social networks and eating disorders during the Covid-19 pandemic
Vaccaro, C. M., Guarino, G., Conte, D., Ferrara, E., Ragione, L. D., & Bracale, R. (2021) · Open Medicine · doi:10.1515/med-2021-0291 · Cited by 10
Exploring the relationship between orthorexia nervosa, mindful eating and guilt and shame
Thorne, J., Hussain, M., & Mantzios, M. (2022) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr/152733 · Cited by 10
“Turner and Lefevre (2017) found that Instagram use was linked to high symptoms of ON, with the healthy eating community and some celeb‑ rities contributing to symptom increase.”
BackgroundKovan, A., & Yıldırım, M. (2025) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-025-01753-0 · Cited by 13
“This anticipated finding aligns with studies highlighting the influence of social media on shaping individuals’ eating behaviors [56].”
Rozmiarek, M., Grajek, M. K., Krupa-Kotara, K. H., & Malchrowicz-Mośko, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1367767 · Cited by 13
“…novel eating disorder, delineated as follows: “a pathological focus on healthy eating with features of rigorous attention to food quality and preparation and dietary norms” (13)— for this reason, orthorexia is sometimes classified as an obsessive-compulsive disorder (also known by the acronym OCD).”
BackgroundResultSepas, A., Bangash, A. H., Nielsen, R. E., Yang, W., & El-Hussuna, A. (2024) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2023.0222 · Cited by 9
“The stress subscale of DASS, 17 eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, 10 and orthorexia nervosa scale ORTO-15 scale among others 22 were used to assess other psychological distresses.”
Ulutaş, P. U., & Bakır, B. O. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21335-0 · Cited by 11
“…in the literature regarding influential factors for ON tendency, including having a chronic disease [33, 36], dieting [6, 10, 11, 18, 32, 33, 37], BMI [3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 16, 32–34, 38], sex [3, Regarding the result of the study between ON tendency and dieting and BMI, it is unclear whether…”
InfluentialThe impact of nutrition misinformation on public health and practice: a review
Alsararatee, H. H., & Yunusa, N. M. (2025) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2025.0300 · Cited by 9
Orthorexia – current approach. A review
Hyrnik, J., Zasada, I., Wilczyński, K. M., et al. (2021) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/115149 · Cited by 9
“The first study of ON in the context of social media was carried out by Turner and Lefevre.”
BackgroundInfluentialOrtorexia nerviosa: ¿Un estilo de vida o el surgimiento de un nuevo trastorno alimentario?
Astudillo, R. B. (2021) · Revista chilena de nutrición · doi:10.4067/s0717-75182021000200255 · Cited by 9
Representations of Health and Wellness on Instagram: An Analysis of 285,000 PostsPreprint
Bak, C., & Priniski, J. H. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6nxvu · Cited by 9
Staśkiewicz‐Bartecka, W., Kalpana, K., Aktaş, S., Khanna, G. L., Zydek, G., Kardas, M., & Michalczyk, M. M. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16183199 · Cited by 11
“…an excessive focus on “clean eating” being promoted by internet sources could contribute to restrictive eating behaviors, as confirmed by the studies of Turner and Lefevre [50] and Koven and Abry [1], which highlight the role of the internet and social media in promoting orthorexic eating patterns.”
Pacella, K. A. C., Forbush, K. T., Chen, Y., Nation, M. B., Cushing, C. C., & Swinburne-Romine, R. (2024) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24291 · Cited by 7
Staśkiewicz‐Bartecka, W., Tambor, L., Kiciak, A., Dobkowska-Szefer, D., Kuczka, N. K., Białek-Dratwa, A., Bielaszka, A., Kowalski, O., & Kardas, M. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15020199 · Cited by 8
“For example, research by Turner and Lefevre in the United States identified a correlation between Instagram use and ON risk, particularly among individuals with perfectionistic tendencies and a focus on appearance (Turner & Lefevre, 2017).”
Genç, H. İ., Hepsert, S., Öktem, T., Kiratli, T., Yildirim, Y., & İlgin, Ö. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1672773 · Cited by 9
“Especially in situations where appearance-based success and social acceptance are internalized, healthy eating behaviors can become dependent on the individual’s self-worth, which can lead to a structure based on strict norms and moral judgments in eating behaviors (Turner and Lefevre, 2017).”
Stahlmann, A. G., Hopwood, C. J., & Bleidorn, W. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107701 · Cited by 10
“Social motives to adopt plant-based diets might be particularly salient among adolescents and young adults in such contexts, given that young people tend to be relatively sensitive to social cues (Fielding-Singh, 2017; Hoffman et al., 2013; Turner & Lefevre, 2017).”
BackgroundSocial Media Influencers and The Dietary Choices Among University Students
Ahmad, S. A., & Bruno, D. E. (2021) · Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) · doi:10.47405/mjssh.v6i10.1125 · Cited by 15
“Futhermore, research by Turner and Lefevre (2017) found that body dissatisfaction are linked to the influence of these micro-celebrities (SMIs).”
BackgroundCan foodporn prime healthy eating? Thinking beyond digital gazing and satiety
Seal, A., Gavaravarapu, S. M., & Konapur, A. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-022-01139-w · Cited by 8
“The constant fear of being socially unacceptable affects the self-esteem of an individual leading to several psychopathological conditions such as social phobia, anxiety and depression [7, 11, 12].”
BackgroundSanzari, C. M., & Hormes, J. M. (2023) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-023-01551-6 · Cited by 11
“Indeed, one study found that higher Instagram use was associated with higher scores on the ORTO-15, indicating a greater tendency towards ON-related symptoms [28].”
BackgroundDevrim-Lanpir, A., Güzeldere, H. K. B., & ÇİNTESUN, E. E. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-441898/v1 · Cited by 7
Ortorektik eğilimlerin sosyal medya bağımlılığı, yeme tutumu ve beden algısı ile ilişkisi
Yılmaz, H., & Ünal, G. A. (2023) · Journal of Dependence · doi:10.51982/bagimli.1369092 · Cited by 8
Orthorexia Nervosa and Perfectionism: A Systematic Review
DÖNMEZ, A. (2024) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1421245 · Cited by 7
Mateo-Martínez, G., Sellán, A. V., Díaz-Martínez, M. L., & Sellán-Soto, M. C. (2025) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42254 · Cited by 7
Sahin, E., & Şanlıer, N. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22689-1 · Cited by 10
“Turner and Lefevre [79] investigated the relationship between social media and ON symptoms, and they concluded that Instagram use was strongly associated with tendencies towards ON but Facebook, Pinterest, Google + , and Tumblr use was unrelated to ON.”
Plichta, M., Jeżewska-Zychowicz, M., & Małachowska, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051218 · Cited by 8
“Until now, the study results provided information both on the absence of a relationship between orthorexic behaviors and age [43,44,51,52] and on the heightening of its intensity with age [16].”
ResultYang, Z. (2022) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393221087668 · Cited by 7
Orthorexia nervosa – the border between healthy eating and eating disorders
Decyk, A., & Księżopolska, M. (2022) · Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny · doi:10.32394/rpzh.2022.0231 · Cited by 7
“The work of Turner and Lefevre shows that the risk of orthorexia is much more common among social media users, especially Instagram [34].”
BackgroundBarnhill, A., & Civita, N. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14504-0_91 · Cited by 7
Horowitz, R., Athanasiadou-Lewis, C., & Zervoulis, K. (2025) · The European Journal of Counselling Psychology · doi:10.46853/001c.141519 · Cited by 6
Ünal, G. A., & Avcı, U. K. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s491268 · Cited by 7
“For questions 1, 18, 19, 23, 27, and 39, a “sometimes” answer is worth 1 point, a “rarely” answer is worth 2 points, and a “never” answer is worth 3 points.”
InfluentialZydek, G., Kardas, M., & Staśkiewicz‐Bartecka, W. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17030523 · Cited by 6
Carpita, B., Nardi, B., Pronestì, C., Cerofolini, G., Filidei, M., Bonelli, C., Massimetti, G., Cremone, I. M., Pini, S., & Dell’Osso, L. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15050503 · Cited by 6
McClung, H. L., Raynor, H. A., Volpe, S. L., Dwyer, J. T., & Papoutsakis, C. (2021) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2021.02.028 · Cited by 7
“Use of Instagram, a photo and video-sharing social media platform, was associated with orthorexia nervosa, a behavior characterized by the obsessive pursuit of eating a healthy diet.(62) Although the literature is quite limited, available results suggest that, for some people, connected products may exacerbate propens…”
Mokhtar, A., & Bahari, C. A. (2021) · The International Islamic University Malaysia Repository (The International Islamic University Malaysia) · Cited by 6
Galfano, V., Syurina, E. V., Valente, M., & Donini, L. M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81174-7_14 · Cited by 6
Yakın, E., Obeïd, S., Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Soufia, M., Sawma, T., Samaha, S., Mhanna, M., Azzi, R., Mina, A., & Hallit, S. R. (2022) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00673-z · Cited by 7
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN ORTHOREXIA NERVOSA AND SOCIAL MEDIA USE IN NURSING STUDENTS
HAMURCU, T. G. Ö., & Yılmaz, S. (2023) · İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi · doi:10.33715/inonusaglik.1156789 · Cited by 7
Limited health literacy increases the risk of orthorexia nervosa among urban schoolteachers
Yılmazel, G., & Bozdoğan, S. (2020) · Universa Medicina · doi:10.18051/univmed.2020.v39.162-170 · Cited by 6
“Indeed, a study conducted in the United Kingdom reported that the use of Instagram was associated with increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa.((52)) Social media and ON are interconnected, especially in the field of health promotion.”
BackgroundOrthorexia nervosa and social media: A mixed-methods scoping review using a systematic methodology
Awad, E., Alleva, J. M., Khoury, C. E., Chamma, N., Martijn, C., & Rizk, R. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0340219 · Cited by 7
“The use of platforms that offer predominantly visual content, such as photos and videos, including YouTube, Instagram and Tumblr, showed strong associations with ON, in comparison with the use of social media networks that mainly offer text content, such as Facebook and Twitter [12,33–35 ,49 ,52].”
InfluentialKalika, E., Hussain, M., Egan, H. H., & Mantzios, M. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241256886 · Cited by 5
“Research has suggested that ON is mostly in fl uenced by desire to achieve optimal health, improving general health (Bratman, 2017; Dunn & Bratman, 2016) and social media exposure (Turner & Lefevre, 2017).”
Augimeri, G., Marchese, M., Plastina, P., & Bonofiglio, D. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17030537 · Cited by 5
“Even the prevalence estimates for ON measured by ORTO-15 varies widely, with some studies reporting rates as low as 6.9% [32] and some as high as 90.6% [33] among specific populations.”
InfluentialThayuman, J., Whitehead, R. E., Borthwick, C., Argent, T., & Williams, J. S. (2025) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2025.108230 · Cited by 7
“However, there is a robust body of evidence suggesting that high levels of social media use, including Instagram, can contribute to myriad negative psychological outcomes such as depression, loneliness, and social anxiety (Faelens et al., 2021; Turner et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2021).”
InfluentialEvaluation of factors related to organic food consumption and orthorexia nervosa tendencies
Bozkurt, O., & Bozkurt, B. K. (2024) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.4029 · Cited by 5
“Also, there is much information pollution online about healthy eating McComb & Mills, 2019; Turner & Lefevre, 2017).”
BackgroundThe effects of health frame and target relevance in appearance social comparisons
Head, M. L., & Bruchmann, K. (2018) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12562 · Cited by 5
Orthorexia Nervosa and Body Image
Brytek‐Matera, A., & Donini, L. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90817-5_12 · Cited by 5
Chenkov, Y., & Hristova, D. (2021) · Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) · doi:10.5272/jimab.2021271.3568 · Cited by 6
A léböjtkúrák és az atípusos evészavarok lehetséges kapcsolata. Kvalitatív előtanulmány
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“Instagram is a social media platform for sharing photos that consequently makes people feel more connected to people they follow and potentially to possibly mimic their eating behavior [24].”
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“This frequently reinforces the notion that purity in eating signifies self-discipline, consequently nurturing the belief that any deviation from these standards constitutes a failure (Turner and Lefevre 2017; Mabe et al. 2014; Saunders and Eaton 2018; De Jans et al .”
InfluentialA Case of Eating Disorder Diagnosed As Orthorexia Nervosa
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“Instagram is one of the most popular social media services used by young people, and a significant correlation between ORTO-15 scores and Instagram use has been reported [14].”
BackgroundTAN, M. K., & Cebioğlu, İ. K. (2023) · Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.5336/healthsci.2022-94415 · Cited by 4
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“Social media users are particularly at risk, with for example, up to 49% of Instagram users exhibiting ON behaviors (Turner & Lefevre, 2017).”
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How does Instagram impact on people's perceptions of their appearance?
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Metadata
- Authors
- Turner, P. G., & Lefevre, C. E.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lefevre, Carmen E.
- ORCID
- Lefevre, Carmen E.
- Venue
- Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity
- Published
- 2017-03-01
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 277-284
- ISSN
- 1124-4909 (ISSN-L)
- 1590-1262
- PMC
- PMC5440477
- OpenAlex
- W2593519256
- Semantic Scholar
- 8fa58fca216d463d9400de92c0164d84018f7dc8
- Cited by
- 380
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 30.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Keywords
- orthorexia nervosa, Instagram, social media use, eating disorders, disordered eating, young adults, ORTO-15, Twitter, body image, social media influencers
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Body Image, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Health Behavior, Young Adult, Social Media, Symptom Assessment
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