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Cited by 81Health disparities and outcomesHealth, psychology, and well-beingHealth and Wellbeing Research

General self-efficacy and mortality in the USA; racial differences

Open access
Assari, Shervin·2017·Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
DOI 10.1007/s40615-016-0278-0PMC PMC6609238
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Abstract

Purpose General self-efficacy has been historically assumed to have universal health implications. However, less is known about population differences in long-term health effects of general self-efficacy across diverse populations. This study compared black and white American adults for (1) the association between psychosocial and health factors and general self-efficacy at baseline, and (2) the association between baseline self-efficacy and long-term risk of all-cause mortality over 25 years.Methods The Americans' Changing Lives (ACL) study, 1986-2011, is a nationally representative longitudinal cohort of US adults. The study followed 3361 black (n = 1156) and white (n = 2205) adults for up to 25 years. General self-efficacy as well as demographics, socioeconomics, stressful life events, health behaviors, obesity, depressive symptoms, and self-rated health were measured at baseline in 1986. The outcome was time to all-cause mortality since 1986. Race was the focal moderator. Logistic regression and proportional hazards models were used for data analysis.Results Although blacks had lower general self-efficacy, this association was fully explained by socioeconomic factors (education and income). Our logistic regression suggested interactions between race and education, self-rated health, and stress on general self-efficacy at baseline. Baseline general self-efficacy was associated with risk of mortality in the pooled sample. Race interacted with baseline general self-efficacy on mortality risk, suggesting stronger association for whites than blacks.Conclusion Black-white differences exist in psychosocial and health factors associated with self-efficacy in the USA. Low general self-efficacy does not increase mortality risk for blacks. Future research should test whether socioeconomic status, race-related attitudes, world views, attributions, and locus of control can potentially explain why low self-efficacy is not associated with higher risk of mortality among American blacks.

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  • Prior studies have reported lower self-efficacy and lower distress tolerance among racial minorities compared to White participants and among those with lower levels of education.

    “Studies have reported lower self-efficacy and lower distress tolerance among racial minorities compared to White participants (Assari, 2017; McIntosh et al., 2021) and among those with lower levels of education (Bonsaksen et al., 2019).”

    From Feeling more confident to encounter negative emotions: The mediating role of distress tolerance on the relationship between self-efficacy and outcomes of exposure and response prevention for OCD (2024) · cites this paper as Assari, 2017

    The Results report lower self-efficacy among Black participants than White participants, and the Discussion describes similar findings in prior studies. The Assari citation is attached to the racial comparison, not the separate education claim. This paper does not report lower distress tolerance, and its comparison is limited to Black and White participants rather than racial minorities generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. [21]Assari S, Race, self-rated health, and kidney disease deaths in United States; a 25 year cohort with a nationally representative sample Adv Biomed Res. 2015 In Press.
  2. [49]Assari S, Does baseline stress predict depression 25 years later? Race and gender differences. J Renal Inj Prev. 2015 In Press Google Scholar
  3. [54]Hunt JG, Hunt LL. Racial inequality and self-image: identity maintenance and identity diffusion. Sociology Social Research. 1977; 61: 539– 59. Google Scholar
  4. [56]Gurin P, Gurin G, Lao R, Beattie M. Internal/external control and the motivational dynamics of Negro youth. J Social Issues. 1969; 25: 29– 53.
  5. [64]Gurin P, Katz D. Motivation and aspiration in the Negro college. Part 2: status and achievement in the U.S. Am J Sociol. 1969; 75(4): 607– 31.

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Authors
Assari, S.
Affiliations
University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author
Assari, Shervin
ORCID
Assari, Shervin
Venue
Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2016-10-12
Volume
4
Issue
4
Pages
746-757
ISSN
  • 2196-8837 (ISSN-L)
  • 2197-3792
DOI
10.1007/s40615-016-0278-0
PMC
PMC6609238
OpenAlex
W2530498718
Cited by
81
References
109
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1
FWCI
11.88
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute on Aging (AG018418)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Wellbeing Research
Keywords
general self-efficacy, all-cause mortality, racial differences, black-white disparities, socioeconomic status, income, life events, self-rated health, depressive symptoms, health behavior, obesity, locus of control, Americans' Changing Lives Study
MeSH terms
Adult, Black or African American, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, United States, Self Efficacy, White People, Health Status Disparities

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