Micro-work, artificial intelligence and the automotive industry
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All companies with AI products require their data annotated, and the cost and labour-intensive nature of this process results in the majority of these tasks being outsourced to external providers.
“In addition, all companies with AI products require their data annotated and the cost and labour-intensive nature of this process results in the majority of these tasks being outsourced to external providers (Tubaro and Casilli 2019).”
From The poverty of ethical AI: impact sourcing and AI supply chains (2025) · cites this paper as Tubaro and Casilli 2019
A lot of human labour is needed to fill the cracks of AI.
“As sociologists of technological innovation highlight, a lot of human labour is needed to fill the cracks of AI (Gray and Suri 2019;Tubaro and Casilli 2019;Tubaro et al. 2020).”
From Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences (2024) · cites this paper as Tubaro and Casilli 2019
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Pinto, J. P. M., Campilho, R. D. S. G., & Silva, F. J. G. (2024) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-024-14844-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Microwork as a development project: An ethnographic study of data annotators in Guizhou, China
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‘In a Pinch, If You Have Nothing’: An Exploration of Money-Making Apps in Homeless Shelters
Jang, E., Ardeni, A., Choden, K., Webster, J. R., Young, J. C., & Heimerl, K. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791541 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thing Ethnography in a Factory: Exploring Emergent and Dynamic Relations of Cobots and Workers
Cho, H., Seo, J. A., Sohn, Y., & Lee, H. R. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790576 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Les Learning Analytics vus par la sociologie
Tubaro, P. (2019) · Distances et médiations des savoirs · doi:10.4000/dms.4608 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalysis of TuSimple’s Investment Value
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- Authors
- Tubaro, P., & Casilli, A. A.
- Affiliations
- Université Paris-Sud (FR)
- Télécom Paris (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Tubaro, Paola
- Venue
- Journal of Industrial and Business Economics
- Published
- 2019-06-05
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 333-345
- ISSN
- 0391-2078 (ISSN-L)
- 1972-4977
- OpenAlex
- W2948141579
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 30.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Industrial and Business Economics (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Force Ouvrière-IRES (2017-3)
- France Stratégie (2018)
- MSH Paris Saclay (17MA07)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Economy and Work Transformation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Industrial relations › Legal and Labor Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Global trade, sustainability, and social impact
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence, data annotation, low-skilled labor, automotive industry, autonomous vehicles, connected vehicles, AI training data, digital platforms, global supply chains, gig economy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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