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Fear of spiders’ questionnaire
Abstract
The Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ), an 18-item self-report questionnaire assessing spider phobia, was developed in an attempt to complement the information provided by the Spider Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ). Data obtained from 338 undergraduates revealed that the FSQ was able to discriminate phobics from nonphobics, and indicated decrements in phobic responding from pretest to posttest following cognitive therapy. Test-retest data, obtained from non-treatment control groups, indicated that scores on the FSQ are stable over a one month period. The FSQ also demonstrated adequate convergent validity due to its significant correlations with the SPQ and a behavioral avoidance test. Finally, a factor analysis revealed two factors accounting for 55% of the variance. It is argued that, compared to the SPQ, items on the FSQ are more explicit regarding the time period to be assessed, and may be more sensitive to differences between phobics and nonphobics and decrements in phobic responding following treatment.
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“Seven RCTs identified phobic participants with a validated fear questionnaire (Muris & Merckelbach, 1996; Szymanski & O’Donoghue, 1995) and by assessing their approach behavior towards the tarantula (N=344; Siegel, Anderson & Han, 2011; Siegel, Cohen & Warren, 2022; Siegel & Gallagher, 2015; Siegel, Warren, Jacobson & Merritt, 2018; Siegel & Weinberger, 2009, 2012; Weinberger, unpublishedf).”
From Advancing the treatment of anxiety disorders in transition‐age youth: a review of the therapeutic effects of unconscious exposure. (2025) · cites this paper as Szymanski & O’Donoghue, 1995
In the citing paper
“The FSQ has excellent psychometric properties.”
From In Vivo versus augmented reality exposure in the treatment of small animal phobia: A randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“According to the authors, the FSQ has good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha=.92) and split-half reliability (.89).”
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Cites
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Klorman, R., Weerts, T. C., Hastings, J. E., Melamed, B. G., & Lang, P. J. (1974) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(74)80008-0 · Cited by 763
One-session therapist-directed exposure vs. self-exposure in the treatment of spider phobia
Öst, L.-G., Salkovskis, P. M., & Hellström, K. (1991) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80374-0 · Cited by 220
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Eyeblink startle responses in spider phobies before and after treatment: A pilot study
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O'Donohue, W., & Szymanski, J. (1993) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/bf01089776 · Cited by 18
Self-citationThe potential role of state-dependent learning in cognitive therapy with spider phobics
Szymanski, J., & O’Donohue, W. (1995) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/bf02354458 · Cited by 12
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The effect of visual threat on spatial attention to touch
Poliakoff, E., Miles, E., Li, X., & Blanchette, I. (2006) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.01.006 · Cited by 48
Dynamics of brain responses to phobic‐related stimulation in specific phobia subtypes
Caseras, X., Mataix-Cols, D., Trasovares, M. V., López-Solá, M., Ortriz, H., Pujol, J., Soriano-Mas, C., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M., & Torrubia, R. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07424.x · Cited by 47
“Participants were recruited among undergraduate students from the Autonomous University of Barcelona, who completed an online version of the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995) and the Mutilation Questionnaire (MQ; Kleinknecht & Thorndike, 1990).”
MethodThreat modulates neural responses to looming visual stimuli
Vagnoni, E., Lourenco, S. F., & Longo, M. R. (2015) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12998 · Cited by 46
Olatunji, B. O., Woods, C. M., de Jong, P. J., Teachman, B. A., Sawchuk, C. N., & David, B. (2008) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.04.002 · Cited by 46
“For example, Muris and Merckelbach compared the psychometric properties of the SPQ to that of the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski & O'Donohue, 1995), an alternative measure of spider fear.”
Training Non-Threatening Interpretations in Spider Fear
Teachman, B. A., & Addison, L. M. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9084-z · Cited by 46
“The Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995) assesses participants’ avoidance and fear of harm from spiders (Chronbach’s alpha in current sample = 0.94), and the SPQ (Klorman, Weerts, Hastings, Melamed, & Lang, 1974) measures anxiety about a range of situations involving…”
BackgroundInfluentialFrom fear to love: Individual differences in implicit spider associations.
Ellwart, T., Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.18 · Cited by 46
Evidence-Based Assessment and Treatment of Specific Phobias in Adults
Hood, H. K., & Antony, M. M. (2012) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3253-1_2 · Cited by 49
“Animal type Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski and O’Donohue 1995) Measures severity of spider phobia 18 5 Good reliability and validity; may be a more sensitive measure for assessing fear in the nonphobic range; treatment sensitivity documented Snake Questionnaire (SNAQ; Klorman et al.”
BackgroundZimmer, A., Wang, N., Ibach, M. K., Fehlmann, B., Schicktanz, N., Bentz, D., Michael, T., Papassotiropoulos, A., & de Quervain, D. D. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102442 · Cited by 44
Readability of self-report measures of depression and anxiety.
McHugh, R. K., & Behar, E. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017124 · Cited by 47
HOUT, M. A. V. D., de Jong, P. J., & Kindt, M. (2000) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3730283 · Cited by 45
Thought suppression in spider phobia
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Horselenberg, R., Sijsenaar, M., & Leeuw, I. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00036-3 · Cited by 45
Acheson, D. T., Feifel, D., Kamenski, M., Mckinney, R., & Risbrough, V. B. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22362 · Cited by 44
“The Spider Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ[35]) and the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ[36])”
MethodTreating small animal phobias using a projective-augmented reality system: a single-case study
Wrzesien, M., Botella, C., Bretón-López, J., del Río González, E., Burkhardt, J.-M., Alcañiz, M., & Pérez-Ara, M. Á. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.065 · Cited by 42
Predicting Subjective Affective Salience from Cortical Responses to Invisible Object Stimuli
Schmack, K., Burk, J., Haynes, J., & Sterzer, P. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv174 · Cited by 41
Virtual reality applications for exposure
Bouchard, S., Côté, S., & Richard, D. C. S. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012587421-2/50017-x · Cited by 46
Use of a Brief Fear Memory Reactivation Procedure for Enhancing Exposure Therapy
Telch, M. J., York, J., Lancaster, C. L., & Monfils, M. H. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617690151 · Cited by 40
“At baseline, between-group comparisons revealed no differences on expected or peak fear for both BATs (all ps ≥ .28), and no differences on the phobia questionnaire (FSQ; p = .74).”
MethodInfluentialVicarious extinction learning during reconsolidation neutralizes fear memory
Golkar, A., Tjaden, C., & Kindt, M. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.02.004 · Cited by 38
“The electric stimulus was delivered via a pair of Ag 1 The counterbalancing did not lead to differences in terms of reported spider fear (FSQ), trait anxiety (STAI-T), shock intensity level and US evaluation (all t’s(16) 1.44).”
MethodInfluentialTriggers of Fear: Perceptual Cues Versus Conceptual Information in Spider Phobia
Peperkorn, H. M., Alpers, G. W., & Mühlberger, A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22057 · Cited by 39
“Phobic compared to control patients reported a significantly higher fear of spiders (Fear of Spiders Questionnaire [FSQ]; Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995; German: Fragebogen zur Angst vor Spinnen [FAS]; Rinck et al., 2002) and marginally significantly higher depression scores (Beck Depression Inventory…”
Toward and away from spiders: eye-movements in spider-fearful participants
Gerdes, A. B. M., Pauli, P., & Alpers, G. W. (2009) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0167-8 · Cited by 39
“Participants To recruit extremely high and low spider-fearful participants, 110 undergraduates completed the German version of the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (see Rinck et al. 2002; FSQ, Szymanski and O’Donohue 1995), which has a possible range from 0 to 108.”
Backgroundvan Overveld, M., de Jong, P. J., & Peters, M. L. (2005) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.09.007 · Cited by 39
Inhibition of return is unimpressed by emotional cues
Lange, W., Heuer, K., Reinecke, A., Becker, E. S., & Rinck, M. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701809451 · Cited by 38
“…Oakman, Van-Ameringen, Mancini, & Farvolden, 2003), the Spider Anxiety Screening (SAS; Rinck et al., 2002), the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995), the state version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (here: STAI-State1; Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, &…”
BackgroundMethodBockstaele, B. V., Verschuère, B., Koster, E. H. W., Tibboel, H., Houwer, J. D., & Crombez, G. (2010) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.10.003 · Cited by 42
“Using the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST; De Houwer, 2003a), Huijding and De Jong (2006) showed that implicit attitudes towards spiders predicted physiological fear responses better than a self report measure (Fear of Spiders Questionnaire: FSQ; Szymanski and O'Donohue, 1995).”
MethodA randomized controlled trial of the judicious use of safety behaviors during exposure therapy
Blakey, S. M., Abramowitz, J. S., Buchholz, J. L., Jessup, S. C., Jacoby, R. J., Reuman, L., & Pentel, K. Z. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.11.010 · Cited by 37
Very brief exposure: The effects of unreportable stimuli on fearful behavior
Siegel, P. F., & Weinberger, J. L. (2009) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.08.001 · Cited by 37
“The Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ, Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995) is widely used to identify individuals who are relatively high or low in fear of spiders.”
The role of fear and expectancies in capture of covert attention by spiders.
Devue, C., Belopolsky, A. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0023418 · Cited by 40
Varying expectancies and attention bias in phobic and non-phobic individuals
Aue, T., Guex, R., Chauvigné, L. A. S., & Okon‐Singer, H. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00418 · Cited by 36
“After the participants had completed the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire, they were debriefed.”
MethodInfluentialAue, T., Hoeppli, M., Piguet, C., Virginie Sterpenich, A., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00194 · Cited by 35
“Fear of spiders and snakes was also assessed after the experiment by the use of the fear of spiders questionnaire (Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995), t(32) = 8.”
MethodLess is more: Neural activity during very brief and clearly visible exposure to phobic stimuli
Siegel, P., Warren, R., Wang, Z., Yang, J., Cohen, D., Anderson, J. F., Murray, L., & Peterson, B. S. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23533 · Cited by 36
“, 1997], the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire [FSQ; Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995], and a Behavioral Avoidance Test in which they were asked to gradually approach a live tarantula [described below; Siegel and Weinberger, 2012].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialJuan, M. ‐., & Joele, D. (2011) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2011.03.002 · Cited by 35
Miragall, M., Baños, R. M., Cebolla, A., & Botella, C. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01531 · Cited by 29
“Fear of Cockroach Questionnaire (FCQ; Nebot et al., 2012; Spanish Cockroach Adaptation of Fear of Spiders Questionnaire; FSQ; Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995) The FCQ is an 18-item self-report questionnaire assessing cockroach phobia.”
BackgroundImmersive 3D exposure-based treatment for spider fear: A randomized controlled trial
Minns, S. A., Levihn‐Coon, A., Carl, E., Smits, J. A. J., Miller, W., Howard, D., Papini, S., Quiroz, S., Lee-Furman, E., Telch, M. J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.12.003 · Cited by 34
Acute but Not Permanent Effects of Propranolol on Fear Memory Expression in Humans
Chalkia, A., Weermeijer, J. D. M., Oudenhove, L. V., & Beckers, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00051 · Cited by 37
“The Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995) was used to assess general level of spider phobia.”
MethodTo look or not to look at threat?
Pflugshaupt, T., Mosimann, U. P., Schmitt, W. J., von Wartburg, R., Wurtz, P., Lüthi, M., Nyffeler, T., Hess, C. W., & Müri, R. M. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.005 · Cited by 33
Juan, M. ‐., & Calatrava, J. (2011) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2011.552059 · Cited by 33
“All the participants filled out the “fear and avoidance of cockroaches and spiders” questionnaires (which were adapted from the Szymanski & O'Donohue, 1995 , questionnaire).”
BackgroundLess is more: The effects of very brief versus clearly visible exposure.
Siegel, P., & Weinberger, J. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0026806 · Cited by 33
Immersive 3D exposure-based treatment for spider fear: a randomized controlled trial
Minns, S., Levihn-Coon, A., Carl, E., Smits, J. A. J., Miller, W., Howard, D., Papini, S., Quiroz, S., Lee-Furman, E., Telch, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.05.006 · Cited by 31
tDCS-Augmented in vivo exposure therapy for specific fears: A randomized clinical trial
Cobb, A. R., O’Connor, P., Zaizar, E. D., Caulfield, K. A., Gonzalez-Lima, F., & Telch, M. J. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102344 · Cited by 34
Augmenting Exposure Therapy: Mobile Augmented Reality for Specific Phobia
Witte, N. A. J. D., Scheveneels, S., Sels, R., Debard, G., Hermans, D., & Daele, T. V. (2020) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2020.00008 · Cited by 31
“The review of Diemer et al. (2014) shows that exposure in VR Frontiers in Virtual Reality | www.frontiersin.org 9 August 2020 | Volume 1 | Article 8 BAT, behavioral approach task; CFM, Circumscribed Fear Measure; FSQ, Fear of Spiders Questionnaire; SUDs, Subjective Units of Distress.”
BackgroundContamination vs. harm-relevant outcome expectancies and covariation bias in spider phobia
de Jong, P. J., & Peters, M. L. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.007 · Cited by 31
Glucocorticoid Administration Improves Aberrant Fear-Processing Networks in Spider Phobia
Nakataki, M., Soravia, L. M., Schwab, S., Horn, H., Dierks, T., Strik, W. K., Wiest, R., Heinrichs, M., de Quervain, D. J. ‐., Federspiel, A., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.207 · Cited by 35
“The German version of the Fear of Spider Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995) was further used to assess the fear of spiders.”
MethodRitzert, T. R., Forsyth, J. P., Berghoff, C. R., Barnes‐Holmes, Y., & Nicholson, E. (2015) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.04.001 · Cited by 40
Frumento, S., Menicucci, D., Hitchcott, P. K., Zaccaro, A., & Gemignani, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.654170 · Cited by 30
“, 1974) and the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialDiemer, J., Domschke, K., Mühlberger, A., Winter, B., Zavorotnyy, M., Notzon, S., Silling, K., Arolt, V., & Zwanzger, P. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.01.001 · Cited by 30
“Further outcome measures were the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995); the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck et al.”
Fear-relevant change detection in spider-fearful and non-fearful participants
Mayer, B., Muris, P., Vogel, L. A., Nojoredjo, I., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (2005) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.05.001 · Cited by 34
Functional neuroimaging of associative learning and generalization in specific phobia
Lange, I., Goossens, L., Bakker, J. M., Michielse, S., Marcelis, M. C., Wichers, M., van Os, J., van Amelsvoort, T., & Schruers, K. R. J. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.09.008 · Cited by 29
Lindner, P., Miloff, A., Reuterskiöld, L., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12508 · Cited by 29
Cochrane, A., Barnes‐Holmes, D., & Barnes‐Holmes, Y. (2008) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395639 · Cited by 29
Comparing thought suppression and mindfulness as coping techniques for spider fear
Hooper, N., Davies, N., Davies, L., & McHugh, L. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.05.013 · Cited by 36
Bartoszek, G., & Winer, E. S. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.07.012 · Cited by 31
Reinecke, A., Soltau, C., Hoyer, J., Becker, E. S., & Rinck, M. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.12.010 · Cited by 28
Frank, H. E., Becker‐Haimes, E. M., Rifkin, L. S., Norris, L. A., Ollendick, T. H., Olino, T. M., Kratz, H. E., Beidas, R. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102308 · Cited by 30
Leech, A., Barnes‐Holmes, D., & Madden, L. (2016) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-016-0176-1 · Cited by 28
“Results indicated that response latencies were faster for anti-spider blocks versus pro-spider blocks for participants who were rated highly fearful based on explicit self-report measures of spider-fear as measured by the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995).”
InfluentialAue, T., Chauvigné, L. A. S., Bristle, M., Okon‐Singer, H., & Guex, R. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.07.006 · Cited by 28
Action ability modulates time-to-collision judgments
Vagnoni, E., Andreanidou, V., Lourenco, S. F., & Longo, M. R. (2017) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-017-5008-2 · Cited by 28
“Fear ratings for each of the four categories were collected by modifying the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (Szymanski and O’Donohue 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe effect of a retrieval cue on the return of spider fear
Dibbets, P., de Moor, C. L., & Voncken, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.03.005 · Cited by 28
Comprehension of self‐report evidence‐based measures of anxiety
Mchugh, R., Rasmussen, J., & Otto, M. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20827 · Cited by 28
Toward an implicit measure of emotions: ratings of abstract images reveal distinct emotional states
Bartoszek, G., & Cervone, D. (2016) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1225004 · Cited by 27
“We measured spider fear with 18-item FSQ, which has good internal consistency (alpha = .92) and good convergent validity, and differentiates well between spider phobics and non-phobics (Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995).”
MethodEvidence for an encounter expectancy bias in fear of spiders
Aue, T., & Hoeppli, M. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.602241 · Cited by 27
“Fear of Spiders Questionnaire.”
MethodInfluentialPeperkorn, H. M., Diemer, J., Alpers, G. W., & Mühlberger, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00268 · Cited by 28
“The following outcome measures were assessed before (pre) and after (post) the experimental session: Fear of spiders was assessed with the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995; German: Fragebogen zur Angst vor Spinnen; Rinck et al., 2002).”
MethodHow preferential is the preferential encoding of threatening stimuli?
Reinecke, A., Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.06.004 · Cited by 30
“Afterwards, spider and snake anxiety were carefully measured: participants completed German versions of the ‘‘Fear of Spiders Questionnaire’’ (Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995; see Rinck et al., 2002) and the ‘‘Snake Anxiety Questionnaire (SNAQ; Klorman, Hastings, Weerts, Melamed, & Lang, 1974; see…”
InfluentialSelf-Reported Automaticity and Irrationality in Spider Phobia
Mayer, B., Merckelbach, H., & Muris, P. (2000) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.2000.87.2.395 · Cited by 28
No pills, more skills: The adverse effect of hormonal contraceptive use on exposure therapy benefit
Raeder, F., Heidemann, F., Schedlowski, M., Margraf, J., & Zlomuzica, A. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.09.016 · Cited by 26
“, 2018), which provides a more detailed picture on possible therapy-induced changes in fear in the non-phobic range (Szymanski and O'Donohue, 1995; Muris and Merckelbach, 1996).”
BackgroundThreat vs. Threat: Attention to Fear-Related Animals and Threatening Faces
Berdica, E., Gerdes, A. B. M., Bublatzky, F., White, A. J., & Alpers, G. W. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01154 · Cited by 24
Ovanessian, M. M., Fairbrother, N., Vorstenbosch, V., McCabe, R. E., Rowa, K., & Antony, M. M. (2018) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-018-9687-1 · Cited by 25
“Other self-report phobia measures assess for one particular type of specific phobia, for example the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (Szymanski and O’Donohue 1995), the Blood-Injection Symptom Scale (Page et al. 1997) and the Fear of Flying Questionnaire (Bornas and Tortella-Feliu 1995).”
BackgroundOptimal attentional focus during exposure in specific phobia: A meta-analysis
Podina, I. R., Koster, E. H. W., Philippot, P., Dethier, V., & David, D. O. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.10.002 · Cited by 25
Brendel, E., Hecht, H., DeLucia, P. R., & Gamer, M. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-3930-0 · Cited by 27
Huijding, J., Mayer, B., Koster, E. H. W., & Muris, P. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022996 · Cited by 25
Mertens, G., Wagensveld, P., & Engelhard, I. M. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.10.006 · Cited by 23
Gradual extinction reduces reinstatement
Shiban, Y., Wittmann, J., Weißinger, M., & Mühlberger, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00254 · Cited by 24
“It is a sensitive measure used to differ between phobics and non-phobics (Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995).”
Rihm, J. S., Sollberger, S., Soravia, L. M., & Rasch, B. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00340 · Cited by 23
“Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ) Spider phobia at the five different time points was also assessed by German versions of the Spider Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ; Watts and Sharrock, 1984) and the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995).”
MethodEnhanced Discriminative Fear Learning of Phobia-Irrelevant Stimuli in Spider-Fearful Individuals
Mosig, C., Merz, C. J., Mohr, C., Adolph, D., Wolf, O. T., Schneider, S., Margraf, J., & Zlomuzica, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00328 · Cited by 28
“As the FSQ and the SPQ tap somewhat different aspects of spider fear, it is recommended to administer both questionnaires in order to get a clearer picture of the nature of spider fear (Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995; Muris and Merckelbach, 1996).”
BackgroundMethodVulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder
Lommen, M. J. J. (2008) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 24
Raes, A. K., Koster, E. H. W., Loeys, T., & Raedt, R. D. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.06.003 · Cited by 26
Schäfer, S. K., Ihmig, F. R., Hernandez, K. A. L., Neurohr, F., Kiefer, S., Staginnus, M., Lass‐Hennemann, J., & Michael, T. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2554-2 · Cited by 27
“The questionnaire shows good psychometric properties [33, 36].”
BackgroundInfluentialFacing Your Fear in Immersive Virtual Reality: Avoidance Behavior in Specific Phobia
Binder, F. P., Pöhlchen, D., Zwanzger, P., & Spoormaker, V. I. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.827673 · Cited by 22
“However, as shown in Figure 2A, some of the non-phobic participants had Fear of Spider Questionnaire (FSQ, Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995) scores above eight, meaning that not all of them were free of fear of spiders (Rinck and Becker, 2007).”
BackgroundThe validity of self-report assessment of avoidance and distress
Gámez, W., Kotov, R., & Watson, D. (2009) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800802699198 · Cited by 22
“Another option is to obtain data on avoidance via observational methods (which have evidenced much greater discriminability; Barrett & Healy-Farrell, 2003 ; Steketee, Chambless, Tran, Worden, & Gillis, 1996 ; Szymanski & O'Donohue, 1995 ) or, alternatively, diary reports (which might be more practical in clinical sett…”
BackgroundCan a one-hour session of exposure treatment modulate startle response and reduce spider fears?
Kashdan, T., Adams, L., Read, J., & Hawk, L. W. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.002 · Cited by 21
“(FSQ; Szymanski and O'Donohue, 1995).”
Klahn, A. L., Klinkenberg, I. A. G., Lueken, U., Notzon, S., Arolt, V., Pantev, C., Zwanzger, P., & Junghoefer, M. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.02.013 · Cited by 21
“, 1984)), Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS (Bandelow, 1995)), Spider Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ (Watts and Sharrock, 1984)), and Fear of Spider Questionnaire (FSQ (Szymanski and O'Donohue, 1995)).”
BackgroundMethodAttentional suppression is delayed for threatening distractors
Burra, N., Pittet, C., Barras, C., & Kerzel, D. (2019) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2019.1593272 · Cited by 23
Faster detection of snake and spider phobia: revisited
Polák, J., Sedláčková, K., Landová, E., & Frynta, D. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03968 · Cited by 21
“the Fear of Spiders Questionnaires (FSQ; Szymanski and O'Donohue, 1995), Watts and Sharock Spider Phobia Questionnaire (WS-SPQ; Watts and Sharrock, 1984); Spider Phobia Beliefs Questionnaire (Arntz et al.”
BackgroundHigh Spider Fearfuls can Overcome their Fear in a Virtual Approach-Avoidance Conflict Task
Dibbets, P. (2015) · Journal of Depression & Anxiety · doi:10.4172/2167-1044.1000182 · Cited by 21
“Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ): The FSQ is an 18-item selfreport instrument that measures fear of spiders [20].”
BackgroundSpiders crawl easily through the bottleneck: Visual working memory for negative stimuli.
Reinecke, A., Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.438 · Cited by 22
Doing the unpleasant: How the emotional nature of a threat-relevant task affects task-switching
Paulitzki, J. R., Risko, E. F., Oakman, J. M., & Stolz, J. A. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.003 · Cited by 21
Very brief exposure II: The effects of unreportable stimuli on reducing phobic behavior
Siegel, P. F., Anderson, J. F., & Han, E. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.003 · Cited by 22
“In what they thought was an independent study, the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ, Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995) was administered to 650 undergraduates enrolled in natural science courses at a public, northeastern liberal arts college.”
Siegel, P., Wang, Z., Murray, L., Campos, J., Sims, V., Leighton, E., & Peterson, B. S. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30285-6 · Cited by 20
Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself: A Mechanistic Test of Unconscious Exposure
Siegel, P., Cohen, B., & Warren, R. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.08.022 · Cited by 18
NAHUM, L. H., Simon, S. R., Sander, D., Lazeyras, F., & Schnider, A. (2009) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2009.11.007 · Cited by 20
“All participants declared not to be spider phobic, which was confirmed by low scores in a French version of the Fear of Spider Questionnaire (FSQ, Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995) (mean score (cid:2) standard deviation – SD, 27.37 (cid:2) 11.21).”
InfluentialJurcik, T., Zaremba-Pike, S., Kosonogov, V., Mohammed, A., Krasavtseva, Y. V., Sawada, T., Samarina, I., Шавкатовна, Б. Н., Adu, P., Sergeev, N., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1214125 · Cited by 20
Desynchrony of fear in phobic exposure
van Duinen, M. A., Schruers, K. R. J., & Griez, E. J. L. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881108098821 · Cited by 20
“Assessment of spider phobia was supported using the spider phobia questionnaire (SPQ) (Klorman, et al., 1974) and the fear of spiders questionnaire (FSQ) (Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995).”
MethodInfluentialBasanovic, J., Dean, L., Riskind, J. H., & MacLeod, C. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9970-1 · Cited by 20
Watson, D. R., Garfinkel, S. N., van Praag, C. G., Willmott, D., Wong, K., Meeten, F., & Critchley, H. (2018) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000646 · Cited by 22
Müller, B. H., Kull, S., Wilhelm, F. H., & Michael, T. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.12.001 · Cited by 19
Grimaldos, J., Duque, A., Palau-Batet, M., Pastor, M. C., Bretón-López, J. M., & Quero, S. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01577-7 · Cited by 19
“…disgust sensitivity and propensity of the participants, two self-report instruments were administered in both phases: Fear of Cockroaches Questionnaire (FCQ; translated and adapted by Nebot et al., 2012) is a cockroach version of the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski & O'Donohue, 1995).”
MethodBouchard, S., St-Jacques, J., Robillard, G., & Renaud, P. (2007) · Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive · doi:10.1016/s1155-1704(07)73238-x · Cited by 19
Targeting fear of spiders with control-, acceptance-, and information-based approaches
Wagener, A. L., & Zettle, R. D. (2011) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395747 · Cited by 21
“Accordingly, it was expected that higher levels of willingness to participate in the PT-BAT a second time would be reported by participants presented with the acceptance-based approach. method participants Participants were undergraduate students at a Midwestern university who completed an online posting of the Fear o…”
MethodInfluentialMatthews, A., Naran, N., & Kirkby, K. C. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.12.003 · Cited by 18
“The relationships between exposure-related variables and FSQ and BAT change scores (pre-treatment minus one-month post-treatment) were examined using univariate linear regression.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Relationship between Fearfulness, GABA+, and Fear-Related BOLD Responses in the Insula
Lipp, I., Evans, J., Lewis, C. E., Murphy, K., Wise, R. G., & Caseras, X. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120101 · Cited by 18
Reducing Anxiety Using Self-Help Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Piercey, C. D., Charlton, K., & Callewaert, C. (2012) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2012.0008 · Cited by 18
Weinberger, J., Siegel, P., Siefert, C., & Drwal, J. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.01.003 · Cited by 20
“Participants with low FSQ scores completed more approach tasks than those with high scores (6.32 vs. 8.40) regardless of unreportable stimulation.”
InfluentialReducing attention bias in spider fear by manipulating expectancies
Abado, E., Sagi, J., Silber, N., Houwer, J. D., Aue, T., & Okon‐Singer, H. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103729 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Szymanski, J., & O'Donohue, W.
- Affiliations
- Northern Illinois University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Szymanski, Jeff
- Venue
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-34
- ISSN
- 0005-7916 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1995533212
- Cited by
- 450
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 1.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Spider Taxonomy and Behavior Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- spider phobia, phobia assessment, cognitive therapy, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, behavioral avoidance, questionnaire development
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Arousal, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Inventory, Phobic Disorders, Psychometrics, Spiders, Reproducibility of Results, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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