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Fear of spiders’ questionnaire
Abstract
The Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ), an 18-item self-report questionnaire assessing spider phobia, was developed in an attempt to complement the information provided by the Spider Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ). Data obtained from 338 undergraduates revealed that the FSQ was able to discriminate phobics from nonphobics, and indicated decrements in phobic responding from pretest to posttest following cognitive therapy. Test-retest data, obtained from non-treatment control groups, indicated that scores on the FSQ are stable over a one month period. The FSQ also demonstrated adequate convergent validity due to its significant correlations with the SPQ and a behavioral avoidance test. Finally, a factor analysis revealed two factors accounting for 55% of the variance. It is argued that, compared to the SPQ, items on the FSQ are more explicit regarding the time period to be assessed, and may be more sensitive to differences between phobics and nonphobics and decrements in phobic responding following treatment.
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“Seven RCTs identified phobic participants with a validated fear questionnaire (Muris & Merckelbach, 1996; Szymanski & O’Donoghue, 1995) and by assessing their approach behavior towards the tarantula (N=344; Siegel, Anderson & Han, 2011; Siegel, Cohen & Warren, 2022; Siegel & Gallagher, 2015; Siegel, Warren, Jacobson & Merritt, 2018; Siegel & Weinberger, 2009, 2012; Weinberger, unpublishedf).”
From Advancing the treatment of anxiety disorders in transition‐age youth: a review of the therapeutic effects of unconscious exposure. (2025) · cites this paper as Szymanski & O’Donoghue, 1995
In the citing paper
“The FSQ has excellent psychometric properties.”
From In Vivo versus augmented reality exposure in the treatment of small animal phobia: A randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“According to the authors, the FSQ has good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha=.92) and split-half reliability (.89).”
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Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study
Garcia-Palacios, A., Hoffman, H., Carlin, A., Furness, T. A., & Botella, C. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00068-7 · Cited by 490
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“SP was defined based on: (1) DSM-IV (APA, 1994) criteria of specific phobias, (2) a house questionnaire about arachnophobia, according to the Spider Phobia Questionnaire (Watts and Sharrock, 1984) and the Fear of Spider Questionnaire (Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995), (3) the spider’s item of the Fear questionnaire (Mar…”
MethodVirtual reality and tactile augmentation in the treatment of spider phobia: a case report
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“12 Finally, we used the BAT developed by Beidel et al. 13 for specific social phobia Self-report instruments included a fear of spiders questionnaire, (FSQ,) 14 and an in vivo versus VR exposure questionnaire.”
van Overveld, W. J. M., de Jong, P. J., Peters, M. L., Cavanagh, K., & Davey, G. C. L. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.021 · Cited by 389
“Internal consistency is good (.92; Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995).”
BackgroundNeural activity associated with monitoring the oscillating threat value of a tarantula
Mobbs, D., Yu, R., Rowe, J. B., Eich, H., FeldmanHall, O., & Dalgleish, T. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1009076107 · Cited by 332
“5 and Table S7), midbrain PAG activation in the current study remained relatively sustained over the course of the experiment in those subjects with elevated fear of spiders (e.g., higher FSQ scores; Fig S4C and Table S9).”
MethodInfluentialGlucocorticoids reduce phobic fear in humans
Soravia, L. M., Heinrichs, M., Aerni, A., Maroni, C., Schelling, G., Ehlert, U., Roozendaal, B., & de Quervain, D. J. ‐. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0509184103 · Cited by 361
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The Default Mode Network’s Role in Discrete Emotion
Satpute, A. B., & Lindquist, K. A. (2019) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.07.003 · Cited by 286
“Using fear as an example, people feel fear in many different situations including situations involving spiders [121], heights [122], social evaluation [123], etc.”
Baus, O., & Bouchard, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00112 · Cited by 260
“…AR has been researched and used in various fields such as education (Ker-awalla et al., 2006; Arvanitis et al., 2009), medicine (De Buck et al., 2005), architecture (Grasset et al ., 2001), maintenance (Schwald and Laval, 2003), entertainment (Özbek et al., 2004), and disaster (Leebmann, 2006).”
MethodPresence and Reality Judgment in Virtual Environments: A Unitary Construct?
Baños, R. M., Botella, C., Garcia-Palacios, A., Villa, H., Perpiña, C., & Alcañiz, M. (2000) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/10949310050078760 · Cited by 254
Automatic processing in spider phobia: Implicit fear associations over the course of treatment.
Teachman, B. A., & Woody, S. R. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.1.100 · Cited by 258
“The Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995) is an 18-item endorsement measure that assesses avoidance and fear of harm from spiders, such as degree of agreement with the statement, “If I came across a spider now, I would leave the room.””
BackgroundReichardt, R., & Deutsch, R. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930903047298 · Cited by 247
“Then, they completed the German version of the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FAS; Rinck et al, 2002 ; Szymanski & Odonohue, 1995 ) as well as the Fear of Spiders Screening (SAS; Rinck et al, 2002 ).”
Temporal dynamics of attentional bias
Zvielli, A., Bernstein, A., & Koster, E. H. W. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614551572 · Cited by 237
“At first, they were presented with the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ).”
MethodInfluentialSpider fearful individuals attend to threat, then quickly avoid it: Evidence from eye movements.
Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.2.231 · Cited by 231
Implicit associations for fear-relevant stimuli among individuals with snake and spider fears.
Teachman, B. A., Gregg, A. P., & Woody, S. R. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.2.226 · Cited by 224
A comparison of two spider fear questionnaires
Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1996) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0005-7916(96)00022-5 · Cited by 215
Redefining therapeutic success with virtual reality exposure therapy
Garcia-Palacios, A., Hoffman, H. G., Kwong See, S., Tsai, A., & Botella, C. (2001) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493101300210231 · Cited by 212
Virtual reality therapy for anxiety disorders: Advances in evaluation and treatment.
Wiederhold, B. K., & Wiederhold, M. D. (2005) · doi:10.1037/10858-000 · Cited by 199
Anticipation of emotionally aversive visual stimuli activates right insula
Simmons, A., Matthews, S. C., Stein, M. B., & Paulus, M. P. (2004) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200410050-00024 · Cited by 195
“001) and Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (r¼0.913, po0.”
MethodInfluentialOlatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., Deacon, B. J., Connolly, K. M., & Lohr, J. M. (2006) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.12.005 · Cited by 189
“However, it has also been suggested that the relation between disgust and anxiety disorder symptoms may be an artifact of negative affectivity (Thorpe & Salkovskis, 1998).”
Fleeting reliability in the dot-probe task
Chapman, A., Devue, C., & Grimshaw, G. M. (2019) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-017-0947-6 · Cited by 172
“Participants also completed the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995) as part of recruitment for other studies in our lab; findings are not reported here.”
BackgroundSpeeded Detection and Increased Distraction in Fear of Spiders: Evidence From Eye Movements.
Rinck, M., Reinecke, A., Ellwart, T., Heuer, K., & Becker, E. S. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.2.235 · Cited by 172
Treating Cockroach Phobia With Augmented Reality
Botella, C., Bretón-López, J., Quero, S., Baños, R., & García-Palacios, A. (2010) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.07.002 · Cited by 173
“Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; adapted from Szymanski & O'Donohue, 1995) This questionnaire assesses the severity of spider phobia and consists of 18 items rated on an 8-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (“I totally disagree”) to 8 (“I totally agree”) for situations related to the fear of…”
MethodHypervigilance–avoidance pattern in spider phobia
Pflugshaupt, T., Mosimann, U. P., von Wartburg, R., Schmitt, W. J., Nyffeler, T., & Müri, R. M. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.12.002 · Cited by 166
Threat modulates perception of looming visual stimuli
Vagnoni, E., Lourenco, S. F., & Longo, M. R. (2012) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.053 · Cited by 164
The relationship between disgust sensitivity and avoidant behavior:
Woody, S. R., & Tolin, D. F. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00173-1 · Cited by 163
Vicario, C. M., Salehinejad, M. A., Felmingham, K. L., Martino, G., & Nitsche, M. A. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.012 · Cited by 172
Miloff, A., Lindner, P., Dafgård, P., Deak, S., Garke, M., Hamilton, W., Heinsoo, J., Kristoffersson, G., Rafi, J., Sindemark, K., et al. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.04.004 · Cited by 155
Effectiveness of virtual reality exposure in the treatment of arachnophobia using 3D games
Bouchard, S., Côté, S., St-Jacques, J., Robillard, G., & Renaud, P. (2006) · Technology and Health Care · doi:10.3233/thc-2006-14103 · Cited by 156
“The Fear of Spiders Questionnaire has 18 items that measure the severity of spider phobia and avoidance behaviors on a 7 degrees Likert scale [12].”
Augmented Reality: A Brand New Challenge for the Assessment and Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Giglioli, I. A. C., Pallavicini, F., Pedroli, E., Serino, S., & Riva, G. (2015) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2015/862942 · Cited by 150
“In order to assess the intensity of the phobia, the behaviour avoidance test (BAT) [42], degree of belief in catastrophic thought (assessed daily on scale from 0% to 100%), Fear and Avoidance Scales [45],Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ) [46], Spider Phobia Beliefs Questionnaire (SPBQ) [47], and Subjective Units of…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVansteenwegen, D., Vervliet, B., Iberico, C., Baeyens, F., Van den Bergh, O., & Hermans, D. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.023 · Cited by 148
Shiban, Y., Schelhorn, I., Pauli, P., & Mühlberger, A. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.05.014 · Cited by 141
Miloff, A., Lindner, P., Hamilton, W., Reuterskiöld, L., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1171-1 · Cited by 141
“In addition to the BAT, subjects will complete two selfreport measures of fear toward spiders: the Spider Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ) [37] and the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ) [38].”
MethodInterfaces that heal: coupling real and virtual objects to treat spider phobia
Hoffman, H. G., Garcia-Palacios, A., Carlin, A., Furness III, T. A., & Botella-Arbona, C. (2003) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1207/s15327590ijhc1602_08 · Cited by 144
“Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995), reduced version.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPhobic disorders and panic in adults: A guide to assessment and treatment.
Antony, M. M., & Swinson, R. P. (2000) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10348-000 · Cited by 143
Botella, C., Bretón-López, J., Quero, S., Baños, R., García-Palacios, A., Zaragozá, I., & Alcañíz, M. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.07.043 · Cited by 152
Mixing realities? An application of augmented reality for the treatment of cockroach phobia
Botella, C. M., Juan, M. C., Baños, R. M., Alcañiz, M., Guillén, V., & Rey, B. (2005) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.162 · Cited by 139
fMRI neurofeedback facilitates anxiety regulation in females with spider phobia
Zilverstand, A., Sorger, B., Sarkheil, P., & Goebel, R. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00148 · Cited by 133
“At each time point, participants were administered two questionnaires: the Fear of Spider Questionnaire [FSQ, (Szymanski, 1995)], selected for its high test-retest stability and internal consistency (Muris and Merckelbach, 1996), and the Spider Belief Questionnaire [SBQ, (Arntz et al., 1993)],…”
MethodVariation in the serotonin transporter gene modulates selective attention to threat.
Osinsky, R., Reuter, M., Küpper, Y., Schmitz, A., Kozyra, E., Alexander, N., & Hennig, J. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0012826 · Cited by 128
Safety behaviour does not necessarily interfere with exposure therapy
Milosevic, I., & Radomsky, A. S. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.011 · Cited by 128
Botella, C., Pérez-Ara, M. Á., Bretón-López, J., Quero, S., García-Palacios, A., & Baños, R. M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148237 · Cited by 124
Pace-Schott, E. F., Verga, P. W., Bennett, T. S., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.04.015 · Cited by 124
Reliabilität und Validität dreier Instrumente zur Messung von Angst vor Spinnen
Rinck, M., Bundschuh, S., Engler, S., Müller, A., Wissmann, J., Ellwart, T., & Becker, E. S. (2002) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026//0012-1924.48.3.141 · Cited by 124
An examination of the decline in fear and disgust during exposure-based treatment
Smits, J. A. J., Telch, M. J., & Randall, P. K. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00094-8 · Cited by 142
“During the first stage, 2630 potential participants completed a computerized version of the Fear of Spider Questionnaire (FSQ) (Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995) and an author-constructed one-item scale assessing perceived self-efficacy to touch a tarantula.”
BackgroundInfluentialRoelofs, J., Muris, P., Huibers, M., Peeters, F., & Arntz, A. (2006) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.03.002 · Cited by 119
“The fear of spiders questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995) is an 18-item self-report measure of specific anxiety related to spiders.”
BackgroundAgogo, D., & Hess, T. J. (2018) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1080/0960085x.2018.1435230 · Cited by 121
“A new measure of technophobia was created by adapting existing specific phobia scales such as the fear of spiders questionnaire (Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995) and the phobic beliefs scale (Chambless, Caputo, Bright, & Gallagher, 1984; Thorpe & Brosnan, 2007), such that the referent object was…”
MethodCagna, F. D., Fusar‐Poli, L., Damiani, S., Rocchetti, M., Giovanna, G., Mori, A., Politi, P., & Brondino, N. (2019) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2019.17.1.1 · Cited by 121
The Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FPQ): Further psychometric examination in a non-clinical sample
Roelofs, J., Peters, M. L., Deutz, J., Spijker, C., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2005) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.05.003 · Cited by 115
Johnstone, K. A., & Page, A. C. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00137-2 · Cited by 114
Roelofs, J., Peters, M. L., Muris, P., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00008-6 · Cited by 116
Approaching threat modulates visuotactile interactions in peripersonal space
de Haan, A. M., Smit, M., der Stigchel, S. V., & Dijkerman, H. C. (2016) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-016-4571-2 · Cited by 114
“…spider actually imposed a perceived threat, after the tactile detection task all participants completed the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ, Szymanski and O’Donohue 1995) and a second questionnaire in which we used the same questions, but replaced all instances of ‘spider’ with ‘butterfly’…”
MethodPhobia Exposure Therapy Using Virtual and Augmented Reality: A Systematic Review
Albakri, G., Bouaziz, R., Alharthi, W. J., Kammoun, S., Al-Sarem, M., Saeed, F., & Hadwan, M. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12031672 · Cited by 113
“Each patient score in the Fear of Spider Questionnaire (FSQ) will determine the appropriate one of the four stages.”
MethodInfluentialDisgust and disgust sensitivity in spider phobia:
de Jong, P. J., Peters, M. L., & Vanderhallen, I. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00167-6 · Cited by 104
Disgust as a motivator of avoidance of spiders
Woody, S. R., McLean, C. P., & Klassen, T. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.04.002 · Cited by 101
“Thorpe and Salkovskis (1998), in contrast, found no differences in disgust sensitivity between groups of participants with spider phobia, other phobias, and no clinical disorders.”
BackgroundCôté, S., & Bouchard, S. (2005) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-005-6379-x · Cited by 109
“Teachman and Woody (2003) used the Implicit Association Test (IAT) before and after an exposure-based treatment.”
MethodWhen spiders appear suddenly: Spider-phobic patients are distracted by task-irrelevant spiders
Gerdes, A. B. M., Alpers, G. W., & Pauli, P. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.10.010 · Cited by 99
GLUCOCORTICOIDS ENHANCE IN VIVO EXPOSURE-BASED THERAPY OF SPIDER PHOBIA
Soravia, L. M., Heinrichs, M., Winzeler, L., Fisler, M. S., Schmitt, W. J., Horn, H., Dierks, T., Strik, W. K., Hofmann, S. G., & de Quervain, D. J. ‐. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22219 · Cited by 98
Suso‐Ribera, C., Fernández‐Álvarez, J., García‐Palacios, A., Hoffman, H. G., Bretón-López, J. M., Baños, R., Quero, S., & Botella, C. (2018) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0672 · Cited by 97
“, cockroaches).(30) Two of the studies used the full version of the FSQ,(26,28) which consists of 18 items, whereas Hoffman et al.”
Granado, L. C., Ranvaud, R., & Peláez, J. R. (2007) · Journal of Neural Transplantation and Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2007/10241 · Cited by 19
“The FSQ was able to discriminate between phobics and nonphobics, F(1.111) = 5.99, P .01, F(1.76) = 13.28, P .01, respectively (Szymanski and O’Donohue [20]).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial of In Virtuo and In Vivo Exposure for Spider Phobia
Michaliszyn, D., Marchand, A., Bouchard, S., Martel, M.-O., & Poirier-Bisson, J. (2010) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0277 · Cited by 90
“16,19 The FSQ-F is composed of 18 items about fear and avoidance of spiders to be rated on a scale from 1 to 7 (1 ¼ does not apply to me ; 7 ¼ very much applies to me ).”
Effects of safety behaviors on fear reduction during exposure
Hood, H. K., Antony, M. M., Koerner, N., & Monson, C. M. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.08.006 · Cited by 84
Huijding, J., & de Jong, P. J. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.007 · Cited by 84
Temporal dynamics in the relation between presence and fear in virtual reality
Peperkorn, H. M., Diemer, J., & Mühlberger, A. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.028 · Cited by 82
Fear Extinction Retention: Is It What We Think It Is?
Lonsdorf, T. B., Merz, C. J., & Fullana, M. A. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.02.011 · Cited by 83
“Correlations between ERIs and FSQ ranged between (2).03 and (2).26 (again, ignoring the negative algebraic sign), and all correlations between the FSQ and any of the ERIs were nonsignificant (see Figure 1D).”
InfluentialCaseras, X., Murphy, K., Mataix‐Cols, D., López‐Solà, M., Soriano‐Mas, C., Ortriz, H., Pujol, J., & Torrúbia, R. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21503 · Cited by 81
“Participants were recruited among undergraduate students from the Autonomous University of Barcelona, who completed an online version of the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire [FSQ; Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995] and the Mutilation Questionnaire [MQ; Kleinknecht and Thorndike, 1990].”
MethodJones, C., Vilensky, M. R., Vasey, M. W., & Fázio, R. H. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0033164 · Cited by 80
It was as big as my head, I swear!
Vasey, M. W., Vilensky, M. R., Heath, J. H., Harbaugh, C. N., Buffington, A. G., & Fázio, R. H. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.08.009 · Cited by 78
Cisler, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., & Lohr, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.10.002 · Cited by 78
Forcadell, E., Torrents‐Rodas, D., Vervliet, B., Leiva, D., Tortella‐Feliu, M., & Fullana, M. A. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.09.001 · Cited by 88
Lindner, P., Rozental, A., Jurell, A., Reuterskiöld, L., Andersson, G., Hamilton, W., Miloff, A., & Carlbring, P. (2020) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/17807 · Cited by 71
“The self-rating scale battery included the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ) [30], which is an 18-item scale covering different spider phobia symptoms based on a 7-point response format with a theoretical score range of 18-126.”
MethodInfluentialLange, I., Goossens, L., Michielse, S., Bakker, J. M., Vervliet, B., Marcelis, M. C., Wichers, M., van Os, J., van Amelsvoort, T., & Schruers, K. R. J. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0467-8 · Cited by 74
“Psychopathology measures The main outcome of the RCT was spider phobia severity, assessed with the FSQ [35].”
MethodMcLean, C. P., & Hope, D. A. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.03.006 · Cited by 72
“The FSQ has excellent internal consistency (Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995) and test-retest reliability (Muris & Merckelbach, 1996), adequate convergent validity with the spider phobia questionnaire (SPQ; Klorman, Hastings, Weerts, Melamed, & Lang, 1974), and discriminate validity (Szymanski &…”
BackgroundAssessment of trypophobia and an analysis of its visual precipitation
Le, A. T. D., Cole, G. G., & Wilkins, A. J. (2015) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1013970 · Cited by 72
The Spread of Fear: Symbolic Generalization Mediates Graded Threat-Avoidance in Specific Phobia
Dymond, S., Schlund, M. W., Roche, B. T., & Whelan, R. (2013) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2013.800124 · Cited by 79
“Participants were recruited from a large sample of undergraduate psychology students administered the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995).”
Caseras, X., Giampietro, V., Lamas, A., Brammer, M., Vilarroya, O., Carmona, S., Rovira, M., Torrubia, R., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709005972 · Cited by 69
Evaluating implicit spider fear associations using the Go/No-go Association Task
Teachman, B. A. (2006) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.10.006 · Cited by 70
Endogenous cortisol levels influence exposure therapy in spider phobia
Lass‐Hennemann, J., & Michael, T. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.06.009 · Cited by 70
“The reduction in fear of spiders was measured with a behavioral approach test (BAT) and with the German version of the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ, Szymanski & O'Donohue, 1995).”
MethodInfluentialNotzon, S., Deppermann, S., Fallgatter, A. J., Diemer, J., Kroczek, A., Domschke, K., Zwanzger, P., & Ehlis, A. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.10.003 · Cited by 69
Lindner, P., Miloff, A., Bergman, C., Andersson, G., Hamilton, W., & Carlbring, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00116 · Cited by 66
“The Swedish version of the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ) (24) served as primary outcome measure and was administered at all measurement occasions.”
BackgroundMethodAn experimental test of the role of control in spider fear.
Healey, A., Mansell, W., & Tai, S. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.03.005 · Cited by 63
Barke, A., Baudewig, J., Schmidt‐Samoa, C., Dechent, P., & Kröner‐Herwig, B. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.11.012 · Cited by 73
“Fear of spiders Fear of spiders was assessed using the Fragebogen zur Angst vor Spinnen (FAS), the German version of the Fear of Spider Questionnaire [31,34].”
MethodThe cost of fear: avoidant decision making in a spider gambling task.
Pittig, A., Brand, M., Pawlikowski, M., & Alpers, G. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.03.001 · Cited by 63
The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a Measure of Spider Fear
Nicholson, E., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2012) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395801 · Cited by 63
Miloff, A., Carlbring, P., Hamilton, W., Andersson, G., Reuterskiöld, L., & Lindner, P. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16660 · Cited by 60
“Of the four covariates, user friendliness, presence, and follow-up FSQ change scores were all significantly associated with the VTAS.”
MethodInfluentialSPIDER OR NO SPIDER? NEURAL CORRELATES OF SUSTAINED AND PHASIC FEAR IN SPIDER PHOBIA
Klahn, A. L., Notzon, S., Redlich, R., Grotegerd, D., Dohm, K., Arolt, V., Kugel, H., Zwanzger, P., & Dannlowski, U. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22382 · Cited by 62
“All participants completed the Spider Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ[38]), the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ[39]), the Trait version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T[40]), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI[41]).”
MethodShiban, Y., Brütting, J., Pauli, P., & Mühlberger, A. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.09.009 · Cited by 60
Buetti, S., & Lleras, A. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00337 · Cited by 64
“, 2004), short form of the State Anxiety Inventory (s-STAI, Marteau and Bekker, 1992), FSQ (Szymanski and O’Donohue, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodA Pictorial Version of the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task
Huijding, J., & de Jong, P. J. (2005) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.52.4.289 · Cited by 60
“Since indirect measures may be especially good predictors of uncontrollable fear responses, spider fear seems well suited to explore the predictive validity of the EAST (see Huijding & de Jong, in press ).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialStoyanova, M., & Hope, D. A. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.11.006 · Cited by 68
“Self-report measures The Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995) is an 18-item questionnaire that asks respondents to indicate their fear and avoidance of spiders, using an 8-point scale that ranges from 0 (totally disagree) to 7 (totally agree).”
BackgroundInfluentialMarković, V., Vicario, C. M., Yavari, F., Salehinejad, M. A., & Nitsche, M. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.655947 · Cited by 64
Telepsychology and self-help: the treatment of phobias using the internet
Botella, C., Quero, S., Banos, R. M., Garcia-Palacios, A., Breton-Lopez, J., Alcaniz, M., & Fabregat, S. (2008) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0012 · Cited by 56
“Adapted from Szy-manski and O’Donohue, 18 the FSQ is composed of 18 items concerning situations related to the fear of these animals, which are rated in a 9-point Likert scale.”
InfluentialRe-examining psychological mechanisms underlying virtual reality-based exposure for spider phobia
Tardif, N., Therrien, C.-É., & Bouchard, S. (2019) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0711 · Cited by 56
“8,27 The BAT was also used to address the second objective of the study and is similar to Coˆte´ and Bouchard.”
Van Bockstaele, B., Verschuere, B., Koster, E. H. W., Tibboel, H., De Houwer, J., & Crombez, G. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.12.004 · Cited by 55
“We used the Dutch translation of the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ; Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995; Muris & Merckelbach, 1996) as a measure of participants’ self-reported fear of spiders.”
MethodIMAGERY AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS IN PEOPLE WHO ARE ANXIOUS ABOUT SPIDERS
Pratt, D., Cooper, M. J., & Hackmann, A. (2004) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465804001158 · Cited by 54
“Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ: Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodVirtual Reality as a Tool for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review
Scozzari, S., & Gamberini, L. (2011) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17824-5_5 · Cited by 52
“The clinically phobic patients in the control condition showed no pre- to post-test improvement in any outcome measure (distance reached from spider and anxiety ratings during BAT; Fear of Spiders Questionnaire [25]).”
BackgroundInfluentialCognitive mechanisms underlying virtual reality exposure
Côté, S., & Bouchard, S. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0008 · Cited by 52
“This hypothesis was tested with a hierarchical multiple regression with age and pretreatment scores being included in a first block or set of variables and posttreatment scores being included in the second block or set of variables (i.e., the residualized change scores), all predicting posttreatment scores on the FSQ.…”
InfluentialPittig, A., Hengen, K. M., Bublatzky, F., & Alpers, G. W. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.04.002 · Cited by 53
Three Indirect Tasks Assessing Implicit Threat Associations and Behavioral Response Tendencies
Reinecke, A., Becker, E. S., & Rinck, M. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/0044-3409/a000002 · Cited by 48
Milosevic, I., & Radomsky, A. S. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9483-2 · Cited by 50
Metadata
- Authors
- Szymanski, J., & O'Donohue, W.
- Affiliations
- Northern Illinois University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Szymanski, Jeff
- Venue
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-34
- ISSN
- 0005-7916 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1995533212
- Cited by
- 450
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 1.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Spider Taxonomy and Behavior Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- spider phobia, phobia assessment, cognitive therapy, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, behavioral avoidance, questionnaire development
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Arousal, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Inventory, Phobic Disorders, Psychometrics, Spiders, Reproducibility of Results, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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