Threat vs. Threat: Attention to Fear-Related Animals and Threatening Faces
Open accessAbstract
It is generally thought to be adaptive that fear relevant stimuli in the environment can capture and hold our attention; and in psychopathology attentional allocation is thought to be cue-specific. Such hypervigilance toward threatening cues or difficulty to disengage attention from threat has been demonstrated for a variety of stimuli, for example, toward evolutionary prepared animals or toward socially relevant facial expressions. Usually, specific stimuli have been examined in individuals with particular fears (e.g., animals in animal fearful and faces in socially fearful participants). However, different kinds of stimuli are rarely examined in one study. Thus, it is unknown how different categories of threatening stimuli compete for attention and how specific kinds of fears modulate these attentional processes. In this study, we used a free viewing paradigm: pairs of pictures with threat-related content (spiders or angry faces) or neutral content (butterflies or neutral faces) were presented side by side (i.e., spiders and angry faces, angry and neutral faces, spiders and butterflies, butterflies and neutral faces). Eye-movements were recorded while spider fearful, socially anxious, or non-anxious participants viewed the picture pairs. Results generally replicate the finding that unpleasant pictures more effectively capture attention in the beginning of a trial compared to neutral pictures. This effect was more pronounced in spider fearful participants: the higher the fear the quicker they were in looking at spiders. This was not the case for high socially anxious participants and pictures of angry faces. Interestingly, when presented next to each other, there was no preference in initial orientation for either spiders or angry faces. However, neutral faces were looked at more quickly than butterflies. Regarding sustained attention, we found no general preference for unpleasant pictures compared to neutral pictures.
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In specific phobia, eye-tracking studies have revealed that individuals with phobia present a hypervigilance-avoidance pattern characterised by accelerated detection of the feared stimulus, followed by rapid and sustained avoidance of it.
“In the case of SP, thanks to the use of eye-tracking technology, some studies have revealed that individuals with phobia present a hypervigilance–avoidance pattern characterised by accelerated detection of the feared stimulus, followed by rapid and sustained avoidance of it.23 25 26”
From Effectiveness of a projection-based augmented reality exposure system in treating cockroach phobia: Study protocol of a randomised controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports that spider-fearful participants looked at spiders more quickly as their fear increased, supporting accelerated detection. But the Discussion (page unavailable) reports no sustained-attention difference for spiders and does not establish the claimed rapid and sustained avoidance. The paper therefore supports the early hypervigilance component, not the full hypervigilance–avoidance pattern attributed to it. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStudies that evaluated ocular movements during a free exploration task found the hypervigilance-avoidance pattern typically associated with patients with phobia.
“Specifically, in the small animal phobia research field, studies that evaluated ocular movements during a free exploration task found the hypervigilance–avoidance pattern typically associated with patients with phobia.23 25 26”
From Effectiveness of a projection-based augmented reality exposure system in treating cockroach phobia: Study protocol of a randomised controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
The Methods and Results describe eye movements during free viewing and show faster initial attention to spiders among more spider-fearful participants. But the Discussion reports no sustained-attention difference between threatening and neutral pictures, so this study does not establish the claimed hypervigilance–avoidance pattern. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Berdica, E., Gerdes, A. B. M., Bublatzky, F., White, A. J., & Alpers, G. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Mannheim (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Alpers, Georg W.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-07-23
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 1154-1154
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6064822
- OpenAlex
- W2808688438
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 4.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MADOC (University of Mannheim) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Universität Mannheim
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Keywords
- attentional capture, threat-related stimuli, spider phobia, social anxiety, angry faces, eye movements, sustained attention
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