Treating small animal phobias using a projective-augmented reality system: a single-case study
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There is positive evidence of the effectiveness of P-ARET for cockroach phobia from a single case study.
“There is positive evidence of the effectiveness of this projection-based ARET (P-ARET) for cockroach phobia from a single case study.21”
From Effectiveness of a projection-based augmented reality exposure system in treating cockroach phobia: Study protocol of a randomised controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
In that single case study, the P-ARET system was able to induce anxiety in all participants, and all of them showed a reduction in most clinical outcomes used to assess cockroach phobia (avoidance behaviours, fear and catastrophic beliefs).
“In this study, the results revealed that the P-ARET system was able to induce anxiety in all the participants, and, in general, all of them showed a reduction in most of clinical outcomes used to assess cockroach phobia (ie, avoidance behaviours, fear and catastrophic beliefs).21”
From Effectiveness of a projection-based augmented reality exposure system in treating cockroach phobia: Study protocol of a randomised controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
Power calculations were performed using Epidat V.4.2 statistical software to estimate the sample size necessary to detect a large standardised mean difference between groups (Cohen's d=0.80) with a power of 0.80 and an alpha of 0.05, based on previous studies using AR systems.
“Power calculations were performed using Epidat V.4.2 statistical software to estimate the sample size necessary to detect a large standardised mean difference between groups (Cohen’s d=0.80) with a power of 0.80 and an alpha of 0.05, based on previous studies using AR systems.15 21”
From Effectiveness of a projection-based augmented reality exposure system in treating cockroach phobia: Study protocol of a randomised controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
The promising results of previous studies seem to indicate that the implementation of this system can help to enhance and improve all these aspects of exposure therapy for small animal phobia.
“The promising results of previous studies seem to indicate that the implementation of this system can help to enhance and improve all these aspects of exposure therapy for small animal phobia.21”
From Effectiveness of a projection-based augmented reality exposure system in treating cockroach phobia: Study protocol of a randomised controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
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“Examples of ARET systems can be found in [2, 3, 5, 14, 23, 31].”
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“In other research fields, systems such as augmented reality (AR) were first used in case designs [87,88] followed by multiple baseline designs across-individuals [89], and randomized controlled trials [90].”
MethodAreas, M., Babl, A., Fernández‐Álvarez, J., Roussos, A., Botella, C., García‐Palacios, A., Baños, R., Quero, S., Bretón, J. M., & Penedo, J. M. G. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10343-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“It has also been demonstrated to be a useful tool in small animal phobias treatment (Botella et al., 2016; Wrzesien et al., 2015).”
Augmented reality as an aid to behavior therapy for anxiety disorders: A narrative review
Rajkumar, R. P. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.69454 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In subsequent reports from the same research group, it was found that this technique, when applied to six patients with the same condition, resulted in good outcomes for as long as 12 months [22, 23].”
MethodRamírez-Fernández, C., Morán, A. L., & Meza-Kubo, V. (2022) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1093/iwc/iwac026 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Framework for Prediction in a Fog-Based Tactile Internet Architecture for Remote Phobia Treatment
Rasouli, F. (2020) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Analysis and evaluation of impact virtual reality on human state
Kołażyk, S., Maciąg, K., & Gutek, D. (2017) · Journal of Computer Sciences Institute · doi:10.35784/jcsi.510 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Raising insects with an application to enhance students’ self-confidence in interacting with insects
Hong, J., Hwang, M., Tai, K., & Ye, J. (2019) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2019.1687524 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) present potential solutions for small animal phobia by recreating environments and situations that would be difficult to arrange in traditional treatments (Wrzesien et al., 2015).”
BackgroundPalau-Batet, M., Bretón-López, J. M., Grimaldos, J., Díaz-Sanahuja, L., & Quero, S. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069026 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kaskas, M. M., Ryan, P. M., & Davis, T. E. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118877142.ch3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
AR-Based Mobile Applications for Exposure Therapy
Prasad, A., McQuade, B., & Schofield, C. A. (2018) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92279-9_43
González-Lozoya, S. M., Meza-Kubo, V., & Morán, A. L. (2021) · Avances en Interacción Humano-Computadora · doi:10.47756/aihc.y6i1.102
Cloud-Based VR Cybertherapy for Dynamic Exposure Therapy
Kurtulus, F., Akbulut, A., Güngör, F., Tarakçı, E., & Catal, C. (2025) · IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP) · doi:10.1109/tensymp63728.2025.11144981
“Wrzesien et al. (2015), evaluated the effectiveness of projection-based ARET without HMD, and the results demonstrated that the clinical effectiveness of the system was comparable with other VR and AR-based technological treatments [33].”
Abinaya, M., & Vadivu, G. (2026) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14805-6_8
The use of avatars to improve empathy and emotional intelligence: A scoping review
Ciarmoli, D., Scuotto, C., Vinci, L. A., & Triberti, S. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106823
- Authors
- Wrzesien, M., Botella, C., Bretón-López, J., del Río González, E., Burkhardt, J.-M., Alcañiz, M., & Pérez-Ara, M. Á.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Politècnica de València (ES)
- Universitat Jaume I (ES)
- Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Wrzesien, Maja
- ORCID
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 49
- Pages
- 343-353
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2005511478
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 8.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Repositori UJI (Universitat Jaume I) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- virtual reality exposure therapy, in vivo exposure therapy, treatment discontinuation, patient-therapist communication, anxiety disorders
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