The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 11 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The origin of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic innervation of the rat brain with special reference to the lateral septum
Open accessAbstract
The origin of the vasopressin-containing fibers in the rat lateral septum was studied by means of lesioning specific areas, in which vasopressin-containing cells are found, or by surgically separating the septum from the underlying structures. Following these procedures sections of the brain were stained immunocytochemically for the presence of vasopressin. In addition, retrograde labeling tracers were injected in the lateral septum. Lesioning of the paraventricular nucleus did not result in the disappearance of vasopressin fibers from the lateral septum, nor from the various other areas studied. It did, however, cause the disappearance of fibers from the nucleus of the solitary tract and the nucleus ambiguus. By contrast, after the same lesion practically the whole oxytocinergic innervation of the brain disappeared. Injection of tracers into the lateral septum revealed retrograde labeled cells, e.g. in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, but not in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus. Horizontal cuts under the lateral septum, intersecting the diagonal band of Broca, resulted in a dramatic decrease of the vasopressin fibers in the lateral septum, suggesting that the fibers enter the septum via this structure. Moreover, since the vasopressin fiber density was found to decrease drastically in the lateral septum after lesioning the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the vasopressin cells found in this area are probably the source of these fibers. Other areas where fibers were seen to decrease after lesions of the bed nucleus are the diagonal band of Broca, the area of the anterior amygdala, the lateral habenular nucleus, the periventricular gray, and the locus coeruleus.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Using lesions and retrograde tracing in rats, this study shows that the vasopressin (VP) fibers innervating the lateral septum arise from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), not from the paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic (SON) or suprachiasmatic nuclei. In contrast, the brain's oxytocinergic innervation appears to derive predominantly from the PVN.
Key findings
- Unilateral horizontal knife cuts separating the septum from underlying structures drastically reduced VP fiber density in the lateral septum only when the cut extended far enough rostrally to intersect the diagonal band of Broca; more caudal cuts produced only slight reduction. Intersected fibers appeared swollen, suggesting accumulation proximal to transection.
- Unilateral BNST lesions (diameter ~2.5 mm) clearly reduced VP fiber density ipsilaterally in the diagonal band of Broca, lateral septum, lateral habenular nucleus, area of the anterior amygdala, periventricular gray and locus coeruleus; no diminution was noted in other areas studied (Table I).
- Small PVN lesions (~1.5 mm) decreased VP fibers only in the nucleus of the solitary tract and nucleus ambiguus. Large PVN lesions (~2.5 mm) additionally eliminated VP staining in the periventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, and caused almost complete disappearance of the brain's oxytocinergic innervation — but did not remove VP fibers from the lateral septum.
- Retrograde tracer injections into the VP-dense part of the lateral septum labeled cells in the BNST (and lateral hypothalamic area, just lateral to PVN, and dorsal to SON) but not in the SCN, PVN or SON.
Methods
- Retrograde labeling: 37 male Wistar rats (250–300 g) received injections into the lateral septum of HRP (stereotactic or iontophoretic), WGA-HRP, True Blue or Granular Blue; sections processed with diaminobenzidine or tetramethylbenzidine methods or viewed by fluorescence microscopy.
- Lesion studies: male Wistar rats (160–190 g) received radiofrequency lesions of the PVN (5 small at 50 °C, 5 large at 60 °C) or unilateral BNST lesions (6 rats at 65 °C), or Halász-knife horizontal cuts separating the septum unilaterally from underlying structures (6 rats). After 2.5–3 weeks, 100 μm vibratome sections were stained immunocytochemically for VP or oxytocin and fiber density compared with untreated controls.
- Hippocampal and ventral tegmental labeling served as positive controls for retrograde tracing efficacy.
Limitations
- The authors state they cannot exclude that VP fibers in the lateral septum originate outside the BNST and merely pass through it; they note this requires combining immunocytochemistry with retrograde tracing.
- The origin of VP fibers in the dorsal raphe nucleus, medial amygdala, hippocampus and ventral tegmental area remained obscure, as no lesion reduced fibers in these areas.
- Bilateral BNST lesions were not performed because bilaterally lesioned rats failed to survive surgery; residual fibers after unilateral lesions could reflect contralateral crossover or additional sources (stated by the authors).
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
14 Own result · 10 Own interpretation · 6 No full text of the sources · 1 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Injection of tracers into the lateral septum revealed retrograde labeled cells, e.g. in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, but not in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus.”
- Also stated in: § Retrograde tracing studies · p. 6 · plain
“Some labeled cells were also found in the ventral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (Fig. 2B).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Retrograde tracing studies · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lesioned area had a diameter of about 2.5 mm (Fig. 7) and resulted in a clear decline in VP fiber density within the ipsilateral diagonal band of Broca, the lateral septum, the lateral habenular nucleus, the area of the anterior amygdala, the periventricular gray and the locus coeruleus (Figs. 8, 9, 10A and B).”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“since the vasopressin fiber density was found to decrease drastically in the lateral septum after lesioning the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the vasopressin cells found in this area are probably the source of these fibers.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 9 · plain
“after unilateral lesioning of this structure VP fiber density was drastically reduced in the lateral septum as well as in various other areas.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 9 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although lesioning the PVN did result in the disappearance of VP fibers in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the nucleus ambiguus, it did not impair the VP fiber density in the lateral septum.”
- Also stated in: § G. J. DE VRIES and R. M. BUIJS · p. 2 · plain
“Lesioning of the paraventricular nucleus did not result in the disappearance of vasopressin fibers from the lateral septum, nor from the various other areas studied.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § G. J. DE VRIES and R. M. BUIJS · p. 2 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Horizontal cuts under the lateral septum, intersecting the diagonal band of Broca, resulted in a dramatic decrease of the vasopressin fibers in the lateral septum, suggesting that the fibers enter the septum via this structure.”
- Also stated in: § Effect of different lesions on vasopressin fiber density in termination area · p. 7 · plain
“In those rats where the lesion extended far enough rostral to intersect the diagonal band of Broca a pronounced unilateral loss of VP fibers was seen within the lateral septum (Figs. 6A and C).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Effect of different lesions on vasopressin fiber density in termination area · p. 7 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same lesion resulted in an almost complete disappearance of the oxytocinergic innervation of the brain (Figs. 4A and B).”
- Also stated in: § G. J. DE VRIES and R. M. BUIJS · p. 2 · plain
“after the same lesion practically the whole oxytocinergic innervation of the brain disappeared.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § G. J. DE VRIES and R. M. BUIJS · p. 2 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ventral to the cut, the intersected VP fibers were seen to be swollen as if VP was accumulating proximal to the transection.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the VP fiber density remained unaffected in most other areas of the brain, the PVN and its accessory cell groups do not contribute for a major part to the VP innervation of the brain.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After this lesion, VP fibers were seen to decrease only in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the nucleus ambiguus.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the present study has clarified the sites of origin of VP fibers in many areas, the origin of VP fibers within the dorsal raphe nucleus, the nucleus of the medial amygdala, the hippocampus and the ventral tegmental area is still quite obscure, because in none of the lesion experiments mentioned were VP fibers seen to decrease in these areas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In none of the experiments were labeled cells found in the SCN, PVN or SON (Fig. 2A).”
- Also stated in: § G. J. DE VRIES and R. M. BUIJS · p. 2 · plain
“Injection of tracers into the lateral septum revealed retrograde labeled cells, e.g. in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, but not in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § G. J. DE VRIES and R. M. BUIJS · p. 2 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in VP fibers within the nucleus of the solitary tract and the nucleus ambiguus, and in the disappearance of the fiber staining in the periventricular (Figs. 5A and B) and the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the level of the PVN cells were found just lateral to the PVN, lining the fornix. Many labeled cells were present in the lateral hypothalamic area, just dorsal to the SON. Some labeled cells were also found in the ventral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (Fig. 2B).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In rats with more caudally situated knife cuts, only a slight reduction was seen in the VP fiber density (Figs. 6B and D).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the VP cells of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis probably receive a totally different input than the VP cells in the PVN or SCN, which obviously causes the output to be different as well.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The actions of VP, in turn, are probably linked in the various areas of which the VP fibers have a common origin, but could be independent when the fibers are derived from different nuclei.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of these experiments make it clear that neither the PVN nor the SON send VP fibers to the lateral septum.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The largest number of extrahypothalamic VP cells was found in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. In addition, VP-immunopositive cells were revealed in other areas, e.g. in the rostral part of the lateral septum, the amygdala and the locus coeruleus27.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Leeuwen and Caffe, 1983 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It receives vasopressinergic inputs directly from the MeA (Caffe et al., 1987) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) (De Vries & Buijs, 1983).”
From Developmental origins of sex differences in the neural circuitry of play (2020) · cites this paper as De Vries & Buijs, 1983
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“More importantly, previous data have shown that the BST and CMA are interconnected, and lesions of the BST disrupt AVP expression in the amygdala.35”
From Neonatal MeCP2 is important for the organization of sex differences in vasopressin expression (2012) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The lateral septum receives projections from the BNST (De Vries and Buijs, 1983), a primary node in the neural network thought to play a role in social behavior (Newman, 1999).”
From Sexually dimorphic role for vasopressin in the development of social play (2014) · cites this paper as De Vries and Buijs, 1983
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The conclusion that the BST is an important source of septal AVP-ir fibers therefore rests on solid evidence (De Vries and Buijs, 1983).”
From Sexual differentiation of central vasopressin and vasotocin systems in vertebrates: different mechanisms, similar endpoints (2006) · cites this paper as De Vries and Buijs, 1983
Citations
Cites
A stereotaxic atlas of the rat brain
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Intra- and extrahypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin pathways in the rat
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- De Vries, G. J., Best, W. and Sluiter, A. A., The influence of gonadal steroids on a sex difference in the vasopressinergic innervation of the brain, Develop. Brain Res., in press.
- Schober, 1978, Darstellung der neurosekretorischen hypothalamo-rhombenzephalen Verbindung bei der Ratte durch retrograden axonalen Transport von Meerrettich-Peroxidase, Acta biol. med. Germ., 37, 165
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“Surprisingly, sex differences in AVP fiber density in the LS and medial amygdala (MeA) originate from the BNST, given only lesions to the BNST, but not the PVH, result in decreased AVP fiber density in the LS ( de Vries and Buijs, 1983 ; Caffé et al., 1989 ).”
Friesen, C. N., Hartswick, D., Selke, A., Vries, G. J. D., & Petrulis, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5265287
Connectivity and phenotype of vasopressin 1a receptor cells in the lateral septumPreprint
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Gumerova, A. A., Pevnev, G., Korkmaz, F., Cheliadinova, U., Burganova, G., Vasilyeva, D., Cullen, L., Barak, O., Sultana, F., Zhou, W., et al. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.105355.2
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Metadata
- Authors
- de Vries, G. J., & Buijs, R. M.
- ORCID
- Buijs, R.M.
- Venue
- Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1983-08
- Volume
- 273
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 307-317
- ISSN
- 0006-8993 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2061489766
- Cited by
- 524
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 35.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- vasopressin, oxytocin, lateral septum, paraventricular nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, diagonal band of Broca, nucleus tractus solitarius, nucleus ambiguus, retrograde tracing, lesioning, rat brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Diencephalon, Male, Neural Pathways, Synaptic Transmission, Oxytocin, Rats, Inbred Strains, Septum Pellucidum, Telencephalon, Vasopressins, Rats
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A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-12 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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