The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Schizophrenia: Caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence?
Abstract
Converging evidence indicates that a profound reorganization of human brain function takes place during adolescence: the amount of deep sleep and the rate of brain metabolism fall sharply; the latency of certain event-related potentials declines; the capacity to recover function after brain injury diminishes; and adult problem-solving "power" appears. A reduction in cortical synaptic density has recently been observed and might account for all of these changes. Such synaptic "pruning" may be analogous to the programmed elimination of neural elements in very early development. A defect in this maturational process may underlie those cases of schizophrenia that emerge during adolescence.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Both Apoe and C1q are also biologically associated with synaptic function; C1q is a component of the complement pathway that accumulates at synapses to promote selective synaptic pruning during brain development (Huttenlocher 1979, Feinberg 1982) and mediates pathological elimination of synapses where microglia engulf or “prune” synapses (Hong, Beja-Glasser et al. 2016).”
From SORLA up-regulation suppresses pathological effects in aged tauopathy mouse brain (2026) · cites this paper as Feinberg 1982
In the citing paper
“this reduced synaptic connectivity stems from disturbances of key events of brain development during late adolescence and early adulthood, including myelogenesis (Bartzokis, 2002; Bartzokis et al., 2003; Benes, 1989) and synaptic pruning (Feinberg, 1982; Keshavan et al., 1994; McGlashan and Hoffman, 2000)”
From Perineuronal nets and schizophrenia: The importance of neuronal coatings (2014) · cites this paper as Feinberg, 1982
In the citing paper
“In light of the fact that PNNs are known to play a role in regulating developmental synaptic pruning in the cerebral cortex and that synaptic pruning deficit has long been speculated to contribute to the onset of schizophrenia (McGlashan and Hoffman, 2000; Feinberg, 1982; Keshavan et al., 1994)”
From Perineuronal nets and schizophrenia: The importance of neuronal coatings (2014) · cites this paper as Feinberg, 1982
In the citing paper
“some recent studies have inferred changes in the activity of dopaminergic neurons on the basis of variations in the blood oxygen level-dependent signal in midbrain nuclei, 82,83”
From Schizophrenia, myelination, and delayed corollary discharges: a hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, exaggerated pruning of synapses 92 and dysconnectivity of neural networks, 93 are longstanding neurobiological models of schizophrenia, and convergent evidence points to synaptic pathways being integral to conferring schizophrenia risk.”
From Towards an Integrative Account of Potential Mechanisms Mediating the Path From Sleep Dysfunction to Hallucinations (2025) · cites this paper as [92]
Citations
Cites
Quantitative growth and development of human brain
Dobbing, J., & Sands, J. (1973) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.48.10.757 · Cited by 1,442
Sleep deprivation: effect on sleep stages and EEG power density in man
Borbély, A. A., Baumann, F., Brandeis, D., Strauch, I., & Lehmann, D. (1981) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(81)90225-x · Cited by 1,013
Growth and Reshaping of Axons in the Establishment of Visual Callosal Connections
Innocenti, G. M. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7221566 · Cited by 597
Ontogenetic changes in the projections of neocortical neurons
Ivy, G., & Killackey, H. (1982) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.02-06-00735.1982 · Cited by 271
Research works printed but not linked: 33
- Borbely, 1982, Sleep/wake-dependent and circadian aspects of sleep regulation, Paper presented at the Sixth European Congress on Sleep Research, Zurich, Switzerland
- Changeux, 1976, Selective stabilization of developing synapses as a mechanism for the specification of neuronal networks, Nature, 264, 705, 10.1038/264705a0 · DOI · Paper page
- Chaudhari, 1983, Genetic expression in the developing brain, Science, 220, 924, 10.1126/science.6189184 · DOI
- Courchesne, 1977, Event-related brain potentials: comparison between children and adults, Science, 197, 589, 10.1126/science.877575 · DOI · Paper page
- Cragg, 1975, The density of synapses and neurons in normal, mentally defective and ageing human brains, Brain, 98, 81, 10.1093/brain/98.1.81 · DOI
- Dreyfus-Brusac, 1958, L'electroencephalogramme de l'enfant normal de moins de 3 ans, Etudes neonatal, 7, 143
- Elul, 1972, The genesis of the EEG, Vol. 15, 228
- Evarts, 1971, Feedback and corollary discharge: a merging of the concepts, Neurosci. Res. Prog. Bull., 9, 86
- Feinberg, 1974, Changes in sleep cycle patterns with age, J. psychiat. Res., 10, 283, 10.1016/0022-3956(74)90011-9 · DOI
- Feinberg, 1978, Efference copy and corollary discharge: implications for thinking and its disorders, Schizophrenia Bull., 4, 636, 10.1093/schbul/4.4.636 · DOI · Paper page
- Feinberg, 1982, Schizophrenia and late maturational brain changes in man, Psychopharmac. Bull., 18, 29
- Feinberg, 1968, Sleep variables as a function of age in man, Archs gen. Psychiat., 18, 239, 10.1001/archpsyc.1968.01740020111014 · DOI
- Feinberg, 1969, Changing concepts of the function of sleep: discovery of intense brain activity during sleep calls for revision of hypotheses as to its function, Biol. Psychiat., 1, 331
- Feinberg, 1982, The regulation of human sleep: clues from its phenomenology, Hum. Neurobiol., 1, 185
- Feinberg, 1978, Sleep patterns in schizophrenia: a selective review, 205
- Feinberg, 1967, EEG sleep patterns as a function of normal and pathological aging in man, J. psychiat. Res., 5, 107, 10.1016/0022-3956(67)90027-1 · DOI
- Feinberg, 1964, Child devel., 35, 547, 10.2307/1126718 · DOI
- Freyhan, 1951, J. nerv. ment. Dis., 113, 449
- Goodin, 1978, Age-related variations in evoked potentials to auditory stimuli in normal human subjects, Electroenceph. clin. neurophysiol., 44, 447, 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90029-9 · DOI
- Hamburger, 1982, Naturally occuring neuronal death in vertebrates, Neurosci. Commentaries, 1, 39
- Hökfelt, 1980, Nature, 284, 515, 10.1038/284515a0 · DOI
- Huttenlocher, 1979, Brain Res., 163, 195, 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90349-4 · DOI · Paper page
- Huttenlocher, 1982, Neurosci. Lett., 33, 247, 10.1016/0304-3940(82)90379-2 · DOI · Paper page
- Kasamatsu, 1976, Depletion of brain catecholamines: failure of ocular dominance shift after monocular occlusion in kittens, Science, 194, 206, 10.1126/science.959850 · DOI
- Kety, 1956, Human cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption as related to aging, Assoc. Res. nerv. ment. Dis., 35, 31
- Kety, 1948, The nitrous oxide method for the quantitative determination of cerebral blood flow in man: theory, procedure and normal values, J. clin. Invest., 27, 476, 10.1172/JCI101994 · DOI
- Lassen, 1960, Bilateral studies of cerebral oxygen uptake in young and aged normal subjects and in patients with organic dementia, J. clin. Invest., 39, 491, 10.1172/JCI104063 · DOI
- May, 1931, The dementia praecox—schizophrenia problem, Am. J. Psychiat., 88, 401, 10.1176/ajp.88.3.401 · DOI
- O'Leary, 1981, Devl Brain Res., 1, 607, 10.1016/0165-3806(81)90012-2 · DOI · Paper page
- Pettigrew, 1978, Nature, 271, 761, 10.1038/271761a0 · DOI
- Purves, 1980, Neuronal competition, Nature, 287, 585, 10.1038/287585a0 · DOI
- Purves, 1980, Science, 210, 153, 10.1126/science.7414326 · DOI · Paper page
- Truman, 1982, Insect systems for the study of programmed neuronal death, Neurosci. Commentaries, 1, 66
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?
Paus, T., Keshavan, M., & Giedd, J. N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2513 · Cited by 3,123
Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4
Sekar, A., Bialas, A. R., de Rivera, H., Davis, A., Hammond, T. R., Kamitaki, N., Tooley, K., Presumey, J., Baum, M., Van Doren, V., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16549 · Cited by 2,394
A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia
Shenton, M. E., Dickey, C. C., Frumin, M., & McCarley, R. W. (2001) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00163-3 · Cited by 2,346
Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis
Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2006) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2005.05.002 · Cited by 2,151
Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia
Uhlhaas, P. J., & Singer, W. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2774 · Cited by 2,120
Metadata
- Authors
- Feinberg, I.
- Affiliations
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Feinberg, I.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1982-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 319-334
- ISSN
- 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025011978
- Cited by
- 1,395
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 0.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, synaptic pruning, adolescence, brain maturation, slow-wave sleep, brain metabolism, event-related potentials, brain injury recovery
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cell Count, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition, Dopamine, Electroencephalography, Energy Metabolism, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Models, Neurological, Nerve Degeneration, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurons, Reaction Time, Schizophrenia, Sleep Stages, Synapses
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
