Efference copy and corollary discharge: implications for thinking and its disorders
Abstract
Many motor commands in the nervous system are associated with corollary discharges which alter the excitability in both sensory and motor systems. These discharges may assist in the distinction between self-generated and externally produced movements; they also allow (or represent) monitoring of the motor commands before the effector response has occurred. Here, I hypothesize that this mechanism of control and integration is also present in thinking, which as Hughlings Jackson pointed out, may be considered the highest and most complex form of motor activity. I speculate that if corollary discharges are normally part of the motor mechanisms of thought, their derangement could produce many of the symptoms of schizophrenia.
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If inner speech is a special case of overt speech, then it would be expected to have an associated IFM.
“If inner speech is indeed a special case of overt speech – ‘a kind of action’ – then it would also be expected to have an associated IFM (Tian and Poeppel, 2010 – see also Feinberg, 1978; Numminen and Curio, 1999; Whitford et al., 2012; Ford et al., 2001a).”
From Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech (2017) · cites this paper as Feinberg, 1978
Inner speech is conceptualized as a special case of overt speech in which the articulator organs do not actually move; that is, inner speech is a kind of action.
“An influential account of inner speech suggests that it ultimately reflects a special case of overt speech in which the articulator organs (e.g., mouth, tongue, larynx) do not actually move; that is, inner speech is conceptualized as ‘a kind of action’ (Jones and Fernyhough, 2007, p.396 – see also Feinberg, 1978; Pickering and Garrod, 2013; Oppenheim and Dell, 2010).”
From Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech (2017) · cites this paper as Feinberg, 1978
An influential account argues that psychotic symptoms arise because of an abnormality in the IFM associated with both physical and mental actions.
“An influential account of these experiences argues that they arise because of an abnormality in the IFM associated with both physical and mental actions (Feinberg, 1978; Frith, 1992).”
From Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech (2017) · cites this paper as Feinberg, 1978
The notion that inner speech generates an IFM in the absence of an overt motor act has been hypothesized previously across several different literatures.
“The notion that inner speech generates an IFM in the absence of an overt motor act has been hypothesized previously across several different literatures (Jones and Fernyhough, 2007; Feinberg, 1978; Scott, 2013; Guenther and Hickok, 2015; Ford et al., 2001b; Sams et al., 2005; Kauramäki et al., 2010).”
From Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech (2017) · cites this paper as Feinberg, 1978
An influential account formulates AVH as inner speech misattributed to an external source due to a dysfunction in efference copy and predictive control mechanisms.
“An influential account formulates AVH as inner speech misattributed to an external source due to a dysfunction in efference copy and predictive control mechanisms (Feinberg, 1978; Frith, 1992; Jones and Fernyhough, 2007b; but see Gallagher, 2004).”
From The ConDialInt Model: Condensation, Dialogality, and Intentionality Dimensions of Inner Speech Within a Hierarchical Predictive Control Framework (2019) · cites this paper as Feinberg, 1978
A prominent theory holds that AVHs stem from misattribution of inner speech to an external source.
“A prominent theory of AVHs holds that they stem from misattribution of inner speech to an external source (Bentall, 1990; Feinberg, 1978; Frith, 1992).”
From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Feinberg, 1978
The comparator model has been used to account for the sense of agency, where inference about endogenous control over the causes of sensory signals underpins the sense that an action is agentive or self-generated.
“Subsequently, the comparator model has been used to account for the sense of agency (Feinberg 1978; Frith 2005; David et al. 2008), where inference about endogenous control over the causes of sensory signals is thought to underpin the sense that an action is agentive or self-generated.”
From Consciousness in active inference: Deep self-models, other minds, and the challenge of psychedelic-induced ego-dissolution (2021) · cites this paper as Feinberg 1978
Dysfunction of the efference copy/corollary discharge mechanism may underlie the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, in particular auditory verbal hallucinations.
“Feinberg suggested that dysfunction of the efference copy/corollary discharge mechanism may underlie the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, in particular auditory verbal hallucinations (Feinberg, 1978).”
From Anticipating the future: Automatic prediction failures in schizophrenia (2012) · cites this paper as Feinberg, 1978
Abnormalities in frontal myelination cause conduction delays in efference copies involved in predicting the neural consequences of self-generated actions.
“we will argue that abnormalities in frontal myelination cause conduction delays in the efference copies that are involved in predicting the neural consequences of self-generated actions.”
From Schizophrenia, myelination, and delayed corollary discharges: a hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as [8]
Schizophrenia involves bizarre pathognomonic clinical symptoms such as passivity experiences, auditory hallucinations, and delusions of reference.
“Third, the theory must account for the mechanism that gives rise to such bizarre yet pathognomonic clinical symptoms as passivity experiences, auditory hallucinations, and delusions of reference.”
From Schizophrenia, myelination, and delayed corollary discharges: a hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as [8]
Feinberg and Frith first developed the idea that passivity experiences and certain auditory hallucinations could be explained by efference copy/corollary discharge abnormalities disrupting patients' ability to distinguish between internally and externally generated events.
“Feinberg 8 and Frith 9 first developed the idea that many of the most distinctive symptoms of schizophrenia-most notably the passivity experiences and certain types of auditory hallucinations-could be explained by efference copy/corollary discharge abnormalities disrupting patients' ability to distinguish between internally and externally generated events.”
From Schizophrenia, myelination, and delayed corollary discharges: a hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as [8]
This delayed suppression results in confusion as to the origins of actions, hence passivity experiences for willed motor actions and auditory hallucinations for willed cognitions.
“This, in turn, results in confusion as to the origins of these actions and hence passivity experiences in the case of willed motor actions and auditory hallucinations in the case of willed cognitions.8,9”
From Schizophrenia, myelination, and delayed corollary discharges: a hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as [8]
Structural abnormalities in fasciculi connecting motor-initiation areas of the frontal lobe with the temporal and parietal cortices cause conduction delays in efference copies initiated by self-generated actions and cognitions.
“Specifically, we suggest that structural abnormalities in the fasciculi connecting the motor-initiation areas of the frontal lobe with the temporal and parietal cortices cause conduction delays in the efference copies initiated by self-generated actions and arguably self-generated cognitions more generally.8”
From Schizophrenia, myelination, and delayed corollary discharges: a hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- Feinberg, I.
- Affiliations
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Feinberg, I.
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1978-01-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 636-640
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- OpenAlex
- W2047004412
- Cited by
- 592
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 0.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California, San Francisco
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- efference copy, corollary discharge
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Feedback, Humans, Motor Activity, Neural Pathways, Schizophrenic Psychology, Thinking, Visual Perception
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