Limbic pathways and hypothalamic neurotransmitters mediating adrenocortical responses to neural stimuli
Abstract
One of the major phenomena related to the stress response is the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. This axis consists of corticotropin releasing factor-41 in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), which in response to a variety of stimuli is released into the portal circulation and stimulates pituitary ACTH secretion and subsequently adrenocortical discharge. The mechanisms involved in the activation are not uniform and the responses to various stimuli are mediated by different neural pathways. Since extrahypothalamic limbic structures play a significant role in the HPA function, it is the purpose of this review to describe the neural pathways between the hippocampus, septum and amygdala and the hypothalamus in relation to adrenocortical activity and the differential role of the medial forebrain bundle as well as the effects of various hypothalamic deafferentation on the transmission of the neural impulses to the hypothalamus. Also, the importance of norepinephrine and serotonin in the activation of the HPA axis will be delineated.
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The amygdala is critical in activating the LHPA axis in response to threat and stress.
“The amygdala is critical in activating the LHPA axis in response to threat and stress (Dunn and Whitener, 1986, Feldman et al., 1995, Redgate and Fahringer, 1973), and levels of glucocorticoids are regulated via negative feedback loops at several levels of the axis including the hippocampus and PFC (Diorio et al., 1993, Jacobson and Sapolsky, 1991).”
From The impact of developmental timing for stress and recovery (2015) · cites this paper as Feldman et al., 1995
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- Authors
- Feldman, S., Conforti, N., & Weidenfeld, J.
- Affiliations
- Hadassah Medical Center (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Feldman, Shaul
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-06
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 235-240
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1998047733
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, HPA axis activation, corticotropin-releasing factor, paraventricular nucleus, hippocampus, septum, amygdala, medial forebrain bundle, hypothalamic deafferentation, norepinephrine, serotonin, stress response, adrenocortical function, neural pathways
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Cortex, Animals, Hormones, Humans, Hypothalamus, Limbic System, Neural Pathways, Neurotransmitter Agents
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