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Facets of emotional Expressivity: Three self-report factors and their correlates
Open accessAbstract
Using an explicit model of emotion, we developed the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire. This measure of emotional expressivity has three facets: impulse strength, negative expressivity, and positive expressivity. After evaluating its factor structure and psychometric properties, we tested propositions derived from an analysis of display rules. As predicted, women were more expressive than men; Asian-Americans less expressive than other ethnic groups; and Democrats more expressive than Republicans. Expressivity also was related to two mood dimensions and to four of the Big Five personality dimensions. The pattern of findings for the subscales showed convergent and discriminant validity. Positive mood, Extraversion, and Agreeableness were most strongly related to the Positive Expressivity subscale. Negative mood, Neuroticism, and somatic complaints were most strongly related to the Impulse Strength and Negative Expressivity subscales.
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“Other studies have found a positive correlation between self-reports of expressivity and extraversion (e.g., Gross & John, 1995; Kring et al., 1994)”
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“Gross and John (1995) examined four different cultures, namely, Asian, African-American, Caucasian, and Spanish cultures,”
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A psychometric investigation of two self-report measures of emotional expressivity
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“They have shown to be more emotionally expressive than men (Gross and John, 1995), and therefore might provide richer input and a stronger appeal for others to read them.”
BackgroundFacial Emotion Expression, Individual Differences in
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“…only are film clips considered ecologically valid, they are readily standardized and have been shown to elicit a range of emotion responses in viewers (Christie & Friedman, 2004; Gross & John, 1995; Gross & Levenson, 1995; Hagemann et al., 1999; Rottenberg et al., 2007; von Leupoldt et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-control linked with restricted emotional extremes
Layton, R. L., & Muraven, M. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.10.004 · Cited by 32
“The impulse strength facet of the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ-Strength) is a 6-item subscale measuring emotional impulse strength (Gross & John, 1995; a = .73–.78).”
MethodGooding, D. C., Winston, T. M., Pflum, M. J., & Burgin, C. J. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.061 · Cited by 35
“We used the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ; Gross and John, 1995, 1997), to assess individual differences in expressivity of negative and positive emotions, as well as impulsive tendencies to express emotions.”
A 2-STAGE FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIVITY SCALE IN THE CHINESE CONTEXT
Chan, R. C. K., Wang, Y., Huijie, L. I., Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, W., & Huang, J. (2010) · PSYCHOLOGIA · doi:10.2117/psysoc.2010.44 · Cited by 30
“Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Raymond Chan, 4A Datun Road, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (e-mail: rckchan@psych.ac.cn or rckchan2003@yahoo.com.hk). men (Kring et al., 1994; Gross & John, 1995).”
BackgroundAwareness of Expressivity Deficits in Non-Demented Parkinson Disease
Mikos, A., Springer, U. S., Nisenzon, A., Kellison, I. L., Fernandez, H., Okun, M., & Bowers, D. (2009) · Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040802572434 · Cited by 30
“We selected the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (Gross & John, 1995 , 1997 ) to quantify expressivity because of its psychometric and theoretical properties.”
MethodFiquer, J. T., Moreno, R. A., Brunoni, A. R., Barros, V. B., Fernandes, F. D. S., & Gorenstein, C. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.071 · Cited by 34
Willingness to express emotion depends upon perceiving partner care
Culin, K. R. V., Hirsch, J. L., & Clark, M. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2017.1331906 · Cited by 28
“Individual differences in people’s tendencies to perceive that partners care may well drive the individual differences in emotional expressiveness tapped by many extant measures (Friedman, Prince, Riggio & DiMatteo, 1980; Gross & John, 1995; Kring, Smith & Neale, 1994).”
BackgroundZhou, N., Devleminck, S., & Geurts, L. (2024) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3643834.3661608 · Cited by 28
“Due to sociocultural [99, 117], contextual [36, 159], or personal [53, 62] factors, people may tend to avoid displaying certain afective states in certain circumstances.”
BackgroundOo, P. P., Jiang, L., Sahaym, A., Parhankangas, A., & Chan, R. (2023) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2023.106289 · Cited by 28
Wang, C., Zhang, Z., Wiley, J. A., Fu, T., & Jin, Y. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03945-9 · Cited by 41
“Emotional expressivity has been conceptualized as the transformation of an individual behavior related to emotional experiences, such as smile, laugh, cry, frown and vent [21].”
BackgroundMethodMelka, S. E., Lancaster, S. L., Bryant, A. R., Rodriguez, B. F., & Weston, R. (2011) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9236-7 · Cited by 24
“The measure consists of three subscales and has demonstrated acceptable levels of internal consistency (α=.86) and retest reliability (r=.86; Gross and John 1995 ).”
BackgroundSheng, X., Wen, X., Liu, J., Zhou, X., & Li, K. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.17961 · Cited by 34
“…level is significantly higher than female students’, which is due to the fact that male students tend not to express, while female students express more emotions than male students do ( Wang et al., 2013 ; Gross & John, 1995 ; Gross & John, 1997 ; Wang et al., 2019 ; Zhang & Bian, 2020 ).”
Karnaze, M. M., & Levine, L. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00183 · Cited by 32
Halberstadt, A. G., Dennis, P. A., & Heß, U. (2010) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-010-0099-5 · Cited by 27
“The Berkeley Expressiveness Questionnaire (BEQ) assesses emotional expressiveness and strength of emotional experience (Gross and John 1995).”
BackgroundBeing facially expressive is socially advantageous
Kavanagh, E., Whitehouse, J., & Waller, B. M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-62902-6 · Cited by 28
“Our understanding of facial behaviour and its function is based almost exclusively on self-report questionnaires e.g., 11 or laboratory studies in which participants’ faces are observed, but in narrow windows outside of the social interaction in which they are thought to function.”
BackgroundCourteille, O., Josephson, A., & Larsson, L.-O. (2014) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/1472-6920-14-64 · Cited by 27
Emotional self-regulation, virtual reality and neurofeedback
Pinheiro, J., de Almeida, R. S., & Marques, A. J. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100101 · Cited by 25
Zhou, H., Liu, W., Fan, J., Xia, J., Zhu, J., & Zhu, X. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02130 · Cited by 23
“Gross and John (1995) found that women reported more positive emotions than men.”
BackgroundSocial–Emotional Expertise (SEE) Scale: Development and Initial Validation
McBrien, A., Wild, M. G., & Bachorowski, J. (2018) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191118794866 · Cited by 27
“…Communication Test (ACT; Friedman et al., 1980), personality traits (NEO-FFI-3; McCrae & Costa, 2010), Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ; Gross & John, 1995), Empathy Quotient (EQ; Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004), the SIAS, and the SMS. Measures expected to be only weakly associated…”
BackgroundArndt, C., Lischetzke, T., Crayen, C., & Eid, M. (2017) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2017.1322039 · Cited by 30
“…of positive (negative) emotions was measured with two items (“When I was feeling positive [negative] emotions, I was careful not to express them” from Kashdan & Steger, 2006; “When I felt positive [negative] emotions, people could easily see exactly what I was feeling” from Gross & John, 1995).”
MethodInducing bias modulates sensitivity to nonverbal cues of others' pain
Pronina, I., & Rule, N. O. (2014) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.510 · Cited by 16
“Because women are encouraged to express emotion, whereas men are often taught to suppress it (Gross and John, 1995; Flynn et al., 2010), it is plausible that participants implicitly or explicitly assumed that women would more readily react to high pain levels than men – in other words, that it…”
BackgroundGender differences in the physiological effects of emotional regulation
Mink, A. J., Maddox, M. M., Pinero, A. J. Z., & Crockett, E. E. (2022) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2022.2064732 · Cited by 25
“By contrast, women, who have more experience than men with expressing emotion (e.g., Gross & John, 1995; Kring & Gordon, 1998), likely have more resources available to engage in emotional expression.”
BackgroundEllingsen, D., Duggento, A., Isenburg, K., Jung, C. J., Lee, J., Gerber, J. A., Mawla, I., Sclocco, R., Edwards, R. R., Kelley, J. M., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01810-7 · Cited by 25
Chen, K., Wells, J. L., Otero, M. C., Lwi, S. J., Haase, C. M., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2017) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000481132 · Cited by 25
Yu, C.-W. F., Haase, C. M., & Chang, J. (2023) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-023-00221-1 · Cited by 27
“…although early studies had found that the expression of positive and of negative emotions were empirically and conceptually different and had distinct effects on well-being (e.g., Gross & John, 1995, 1997; King & Emmons, 1990), studies of suppression often did not make the same distinction.”
Стресс и страх в экстремальной ситуации
Rozenova, M. I., Ekimova, V., Kokurin, A., Ognev, A. S., & Efimova, O. (2020) · Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology · doi:10.17759/jmfp.2020090110 · Cited by 20
“Сели не считали страх врожденной эмоцией, хотя Грос и Сели признавали наличие биологической основы боязни непривычного [14; 18; 28].”
Vilas, S. P., Reniers, R., & Ludlow, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.717877 · Cited by 19
Sagha, H., Deng, J., & Schuller, B. W. (2017) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2017.8273583 · Cited by 20
“They found that Asian-Americans are less expressive than other ethnic groups, and Positive mood, Extroversion, and Agreeableness are most strongly related to the Positive Expressivity subscale [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialHutchison, A., Yeung, D., Gerstein, L. H., & Wettersten, K. (2020) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12699 · Cited by 18
Gender and Emotion Regulation: A Social Appraisal Perspective on Anger
Evers, C., Fischer, A. H., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8_13 · Cited by 20
“Studies using scenarios, however, have shown some gender differences, but again opposite from the prevailing stereotype (e.g., Dosser, Balswick, & Halverson, 1983; Gross & John, 1995; Timmers, Fischer, & Manstead, 1998; Fischer & Roseman, 2007).”
ResultTrentini, E., & Dan‐Glauser, E. (2024) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12948 · Cited by 22
“Expressivity consists of non-verbal communication, such as mimicry or gestures, aiming at communicating affective states to others (Gross & John, 1995).”
BackgroundA latent profile analysis of emotional expression among patients with unintentional injuries
Wang, X., Tu, Q., Huang, D., Jin, P., Cai, X., Zhao, H., Lu, Z., & Dong, C. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04390-4 · Cited by 24
“Gross and John (1995) conceptualized emotional expressivity as the verbal and nonverbal behavioral adjustments resulting from emotional experiences.”
BackgroundGender differences in the role of alexithymia and emotional expressivity in disordered eating
Perry, R. M., & Hayaki, J. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.029 · Cited by 17
Sweet nothings: No effect of self-control exertion on blood glucose levels
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“In this study, to measure individual differences in the outward expression of emotional experiences, the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire, developed by Gross and John (1995), was used.”
MethodSadikaj, G., Moskowitz, D., & Zuroff, D. C. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12343 · Cited by 16
Emotional Expressiveness and Marital Adjustment in Ecuador
Ingoldsby, B. B., Horlacher, G., Schvaneveldt, P. L., & Matthews, M. (2005) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1300/j002v38n01_04 · Cited by 18
“This finding provides evidence for a general expressiveness construct (following the rational given in Gross & John, 1995) and three sub-factors: Positive Emotion (love/happiness), Anger, and Sadness.”
BackgroundIndividual differences in ability to encode complex affects.
Friedman, H., & Riggio, R. (1999) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00228-1 · Cited by 16
The Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Berkeley Expressivity Scale
Ahmet Cumhur, A. K. I. N. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.006 · Cited by 19
“This study investigated the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ; Gross & John, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGouveia, L., Janvier, A., Dupuis, F., Duval, M., & Sultan, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175342 · Cited by 16
Konishi, M., Tachibana, Y., Tang, J., Takehara, K., Kubo, T., Hashimoto, K., Kitazawa, H., Saito, H., & Ohya, Y. (2015) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-015-9931-z · Cited by 13
“Second, previous studies of emotional response have suggested that men are less emotionally expressive than women (e.g., Gross and John 1994; Kring andGordon 1998).”
BackgroundPersonality factors in resilience to traumatic stress
Miller, M. W., & Harrington, K. M. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511994791.006 · Cited by 18
Do Men and Women Differ on Measures of Mental Stress-Induced Ischemia?
York, K., Hassan, M., Li, Q., Li, H., Fillingim, R., Lucey, D. G., Bestland, M., & Sheps, D. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31815a9245 · Cited by 15
“This effect was more pronounced in women, who tend to be more emotionally expressive (26), than in male participants.”
BackgroundRiggio, H. R. (2020) · Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_508 · Cited by 15
A theory of creative expressiveness: empirical studies in Chinese universities
Hong, J., Yang, Y., & Song, G. (2016) · Chinese Management Studies · doi:10.1108/cms-10-2015-0232 · Cited by 14
Comparative Analysis of Psychological Well-Being and Emotional Education in Graduate Students
Moreira-Chóez, J. S., de Rodríguez, T. M. L., Espinoza-Solís, E., & Castillo, G. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.141849.2 · Cited by 8
“Individual differences, cultural factors, socioeconomic factors, and life experiences can modulate these patterns (Gross and John, 1995; Seixas et al. , 2021).”
Mantzouranis, G., Baudat, S., & Zimmermann, G. (2019) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2018.0655 · Cited by 13
“35 Responses were rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree , 5 = strongly agree ).”
Fahd, S., & Hanif, R. (2019) · Journal of Human Behavior in The Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2018.1543629 · Cited by 13
“Gross and John’s (1997) definition of emotional expressivity as the behavioral changes (e.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMoreno, P. I., Wiley, J., & Stanton, A. (2016) · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.19 · Cited by 13
“Subscriber: Northwestern University; date: 18 October 2017 Although self-report instruments relevant to emotion regulation are available (e.g., Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire, Gross & John, 1995; Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire, King & Emmons, 1990), they are not designed to assess emotional processing and…”
MethodThe relationship of positive and negative expressiveness to the processing of emotion information.
Knyazev, G., Barchard, K., Razumnikova, O., & Mitrofanova, L. G. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00941.x · Cited by 13
Cheng, M.-Y., & Lin, Y.-Y. (2012) · doi:10.5897/ajbm11.1705 · Cited by 13
“Emotional expression was measured using the emotional expression scale established by Gross and John (1995).”
MethodSun, X., Xie, F., Chen, B., Shi, P., Shen, S., Chen, Z., Yuan, Y., Mengjia, Z., Qin, X., Liu, Y., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.567446 · Cited by 12
Reading the Wind: Impacts of Leader Negative Emotional Expression on Employee Silence
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Development and validation of the Child and Adolescent Flexible Expressiveness (CAFE) Scale.
Wang, Y.-Q., & Hawk, S. (2020) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000795 · Cited by 11
Thomassin, K., & Seddon, J. A. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/cbs0000142 · Cited by 11
Help-seeking attitudes, locus of control, and emotional expressivity in Hong Kong and Western people
Chan, R. K.-L., Thompson, N. S., & Yu, C. K.-C. (2019) · Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/21507686.2019.1634603 · Cited by 9
“The Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ), which was developed by Gross and John (1995), focuses on perceivable changes in behavior that accompany emotions.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSlanbekova, G. K., Chung, M. C., Karipbaev, B., Sabirova, R. S., & Alimbayeva, R. Т. (2018) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-018-9612-5 · Cited by 15
Moreno, P. I., Bauer, M. R., Yanez, B., Jorge, A., Maggard-gibbons, M., & Stanton, A. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000319 · Cited by 11
“Gross and John (1995) posit that individual differences in emotional expression might arise from cultural display rules.”
BackgroundInfluentialDeady, D. K., North, N. T., Allan, D., Smith, M. J., & O’Carroll, R. E. (2010) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2010.482138 · Cited by 12
“The BEQ is a 16-item self-report measure of emotional expressivity (Gross & John, 1995 ), yielding an average expressivity score (Mean BEQ), and three subscales: Negative Expressivity, Positive Expressivity and Impulse Strength (see example of items below): •”
BackgroundInfluentialMikkelson, A. C., Farinelli, L., & LaValley, A. G. (2006) · doi:10.1080/01463370601035947 · Cited by 11
“For example, many individual-level personality traits, such as neuroticism and extraversion, influence emotional expression, as both neuroticism and extraversion can be expressed behaviorally (Gross & John, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDifferential Effects of Incongruent Anger Expression on Memory Performance
Perbandt, K. (2007) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001.28.3.129 · Cited by 8
Trentini, E., & Dan‐Glauser, E. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02873-z · Cited by 10
“After the laboratory session, participants were additionally asked to complete several other questionnaires, the NEO Five-Factor-Inventory (NEO-FFI, 60 items, [112]) and the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ, 16 items) [65], but these were not further analyzed in the present study.”
Sleep quality and emotional reactivity in patients with borderline personality disorder
Socci, V., Festucci, F., Barlattani, T., Salfi, F., D'Aurizio, G., Rossi, R., Ferrara, M., Rossi, A., Pacitti, F., & Tempesta, D. (2024) · Frontiers in sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2024.1394979 · Cited by 10
Song, S. Y., Curtis, A., & Aragón, O. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579509 · Cited by 10
Can Expressing Positivity Elicit Support for Negative Events? A Process Model and Review
Walsh, R. M., & Forest, A. L. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868320961899 · Cited by 10
“…the structure of emotion expression indicates that various types of expressed positive sentiments (e.g., excitement about an event, and feelings of happiness and gratitude) are subsumed under a single positive expressivity factor (Halberstadt et al., 1995; see also, Gross & John, 1995, 1997, 1998).”
BackgroundKianpoor, M., Rahmanian, P., Mojahed, A., & Amouchie, R. (2017) · Electronic Physician · doi:10.19082/4202 · Cited by 10
Out of Sight, Out of Mind? Accuracy and Bias in Emotion Regulation Trait Judgments
Eldesouky, L., English, T., & Gross, J. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12259 · Cited by 10
Self-citationIntentional affect: an alternative notion of affective interaction with a machine
Afzal, S., Morrison, C., & Robinson, P. (2009) · British Computer Society Conference on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/1671011.1671058 · Cited by 10
“The three tests, BEQ, EES & ACT (see Table 1), were chosen to help us obtain an expressivity parameter for each of our participants.”
Empirical Validation of an Agent-Based Model of Emotion Contagion
van Haeringen, E. V., Veltmeijer, E. A., & Gerritsen, C. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2023.3272031 · Cited by 9
“The expressivity trait of an agent is calculated by taking the sum of the personality traits of this agent modified by the correlations found empirically in study by Gross and John between each personality trait and emotional expressivity [49].”
MethodEmotions and decisions in the real world: What can we learn from quasi-field experiments?
Bhanot, S. P., Chang, D., Lee, J., & Ranson, M. H. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243044 · Cited by 10
“Individual characteristics have been shown to correlate with how individuals experience and express emotions [72] For example, there is evidence that an individual’s gender has an impact on how that individual experiences an emotion [73,74].”
BackgroundEmotional Communication on Romantic Relationships: Design and Validation of a Measure in Mexico
Aragón, R. S. (2012) · doi:10.5964/ijpr.v6i2.102 · Cited by 9
“ElCuestionario de Expresividad de Berkeley (Gross & John, 1995) se derivó de un modelo teórico que ve también ve a la expresión emocional como un rasgo compuesto por la fuerza de la reactividad emocional del individuo y la conducta de expresión directa.”
BackgroundLin, M., Soi-Kawase, S., Narita-Ohtaki, R., Itoh, M., & Kim, Y. (2016) · Japan Journal of Nursing Science · doi:10.1111/jjns.12094 · Cited by 9
Loneliness in the workplace: feelings and expressivity of hotel employees
Dedeoğlu, B. B., Çalışkan, C., Chen, T.-L., Borzyszkowski, J., & Okumuş, F. (2022) · International Hospitality Review · doi:10.1108/ihr-03-2022-0013 · Cited by 12
Jin, L., Dolan, M., Contractor, A. A., Weiss, N. H., & Dranger, P. (2020) · Behaviour change · doi:10.1017/bec.2020.7 · Cited by 8
“Relevant to the Emotional Generation and Expression Model (Gross & John, 1995, 1997), our results regarding the differential role of intensity versus valence of emotional expressivity in relation to PTSD cluster severity can serve as a framework for future studies to examine the effects of…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKupper, N., Duijndam, S., & Karreman, A. (2020) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000812 · Cited by 8
“…for extraversion and openness in the Japanese validation study (Lin et al., 2016), while in other validation papers expression intensity was most strongly associated with neuroticism (Gross & John, 1995; Mohiyeddini et al., 2008), followed by extraversion, and openness (Gross & John, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPerception of Emotion and Personality through Full-Body Movement Qualities: A Sport Coach Case Study
Giraud, T., Focone, F., Demulier, V., Martin, J.-C., & Isableu, B. (2015) · On Tap · doi:10.1145/2791294 · Cited by 8
Hosie, J., Milne, A., & McArthur, L. (2005) · PSYCHOLOGIA · doi:10.2117/psysoc.2005.288 · Cited by 8
“In line with research showing gender differences in overall emotional expressivity (Gross & John, 1995; Kring, Smith, & Neale, 1994), we predicted that females would show a greater elevation in self-reported anger (following the first film clip) and behavioral display of anger (during the second…”
MethodResultLee, J., Lee, S., & Kim, D. (2022) · IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Big Data, Cloud Computing, and Data Science (BCD) · doi:10.1109/bcd54882.2022.9900683 · Cited by 11
“In the case of personality, extroversion is related to positive emotional expression, and in the case of neurotic personality, it is related to the negative emotional expression [15].”
BackgroundSchröer, L., Çetin, D., Vacaru, S. V., Addabbo, M., van Schaik, J. E., & Hunnius, S. (2022) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2022.101751 · Cited by 7
Emotional Expressivity, Loneliness and Hopelessness Relationship in Adolescents
Çutuk, Z. A. (2021) · International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies · doi:10.52380/ijpes.2021.8.2.308 · Cited by 7
Toward Multimodal Modeling of Emotional Expressiveness
Lin, V., Girard, J. M., Sayette, M. A., & Morency, L. (2020) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION · doi:10.1145/3382507.3418887 · Cited by 8
Bedwell, J., Cohen, A., Spencer, C. C., & Simpson, S. D. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.001 · Cited by 7
Bitan, D. T., Lazar, A., & Siton, B. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.040 · Cited by 7
Gan, Y., Wen, Y., Wang, J., Rodriguez, M. A., Gong, X., & Xie, X. (2014) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12059 · Cited by 11
A Study on the Effects of Sandplay Therapy on the Psychological Well-Being of Undergraduates
Lee, S.-H., & Yoon, H.-Y. (2012) · Journal of Symbols & Sandplay Therapy · doi:10.12964/jsst.120011 · Cited by 7
“In general, female students experience stronger emotions compared to male students in the same situations (Kring & Gordon, 1998; Gross & John, 1995) and experience relatively higher levels of inner conflicts in emotional expression (Jang & Kim, 2008; King & Emmons, 1990), and these ambivalent…”
BackgroundToward competence in interpersonal communication: Constitutive traits, skills and dimensions
Bubaš, G. (2001) · World Futures · doi:10.1080/02604027.2001.9972849 · Cited by 6
“It is an important aspect of nonverbal behavior, also known as emotional expressivity (Riggio, 1992), that is manifested through the expression of positive and negative emotions, as well as by impulse strength—the revealed intensity of emotion (Gross and John, 1995).”
BackgroundPeterson, J. C., Jacobs, C. M., Hibbing, J. R., & Smith, K. B. (2018) · Politics and the Life Sciences · doi:10.1017/pls.2017.13 · Cited by 11
Choi, M., Karnaze, M. M., Lench, H. C., & Levine, L. J. (2022) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-022-09997-4 · Cited by 7
“Time 2 Questionnaire Participants completed the second questionnaire about a week after the election (November 9–12, 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialGeng, F., Liang, Y., Zhan, N., & Wang, J. (2022) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2022.2079797 · Cited by 6
“The Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ) is a 16-item self-report scale that measures three facets of trait emotional expressivity: positive expressivity, negative expressivity, and impulse strength (Gross & John, 1995).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J., & John, O. P.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-10
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 555-568
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2069864193
- Cited by
- 359
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotional expressivity, display rules, political affiliation, Big Five personality traits, mood, impulse strength, somatic symptoms
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