Facets of emotional Expressivity: Three self-report factors and their correlates

“Newly devel oped questionnaires measure individual differences in the modification of action tendencies or emotional regulation (Gross and John, 1995) and these have been adapted for use with teachers (Sutton and Mudrey-Camino, 2003).”

“To assess the robustness of the impulse strength and expressivity findings from Study 1, we examined the BEQ in another group of European Americans as well as an ethnic group traditionally associated with lesser emotional expressivity, namely, Asian Americans (see Gross & John, 1995, in press; Lai & Linden, 1993; Sche…”

“The Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ; Gross and John 1995) is a 16-item self-report measure that assesses three facets of trait emotional expressivity: positive expressivity, negative expressivity, and impulse strength.”

“Interestingly, extraversion is also related to expressivity (e.g., Gross & John, 1995; Kring et al., 1995; Kring et al,, 1994).”

“However, in this case we are also drawing on research in psychopathology and social psychology that indicates that these processes are indeed experientially distinct. negative emotions (Gross & John, 1995), and report higher trait reward responsiveness (Carver & White, 1994).”

“Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ; Gross & John, 1995).”

“These findings are consistent with behavioral evidence showing that extraversion is correlated with positive emotional reactivity but not with negative emotional reactivity (negatively correlated; Gross & John, 1995).”

“82, this sample) and retest reliability (r=.86 over 2 months; Gross and John, 1995).”

“This paper looks at gender differences, not in IQ, but in emotional intelligence (EI), which has attracted much attention in recent years (e.g., Cooper & Sawaf, 1997; Goleman, 1995; Gross & John, 1995; Mayer & Salovey, 1997; Salovey, Bedell, Detweiler, & Mayer, in press; Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey, & Palfai, 1995…”

“The BEQ appears to demonstrate strong psychometric properties, with a 2-month test–retest reliability of .86 (Gross & John, 1995).”

“In establishing evidence for the first step, numerous studies demonstrate that individuals spontaneously mimic the facial expressions of others, and even that they imitate their vocal tones and postures (e.g., Blairy, Herrera, & Hess, 1999; Gross & John, 1995; Laird et al., 1994).”

“…(e.g., facial and pos tural changes) and ver - bally more than do men (e.g., Barr & Kleck, 1995; Kring & Gordon, 1998, for non ver bal behav iors; Gross & John, 1995; Kring, Smith, & Neale, 1994, for self-reports of expressivity; Lang, Green wald, Bradley, & Hamm, 1993, for electromyography mea…”

“Some scales differentiate only between positive and negative emotions (Gross & John, 1995, 1997; King & Emmons, 1990).”

“Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ; Gross and John 1995) The Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire consists of 16 items to assess three facets of emotional expressivity: negative expressivity, positive expressivity, and impulse strength.”

“…numerous studies over the past decades have found that difficulties in regulating emotions are associated with various psychological disorders and maladaptive behaviors (e.g., Aldao et al. 2010; Cicchetti et al. 1995; Gratz and Tull 2011; Gross and John 1995; Linehan 1993; Mennin et al. 2009).”

“Prior studies have also found self-reports of positive expressive behavior to be related to Agreeableness and Openness (e.g., Gross & John, 1995, 1998), and thus we also tested whether these linkages would extend to expressive behavior coded with FACES.”

“The Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire scales related to expression (Gross & John, 1995, 1997) are General Expressivity, Positive Expressivity, and Negative Expressivity.”

“…considered a function of contextual properties such as relationship quality and communication context (e.g., Haythornthwaite, 2005; Park et al., 2012; Walther, 1996, 2007), as well as a function of psychological motives and characteristics (e.g., Gross & John, 1995; Kring, Smith, & Neale, 1994).”

“Processes that may account for this result might be extraverts’ tendency towards expressivity (Gilbert, 1991; Gross & John, 1994), having a temperament that favours approach over avoidance (Elliot & Trash, 2002) and a tendency to actively participate in social interactions (Ashton et al., 2002).”

“Among adults, extraversion is associated with self‐reported positive emotion expression, and neuroticism with self‐reported negative emotion expression (Gross & John, 1995).”

“Several standardized self-report measures of emotional expressiveness have been developed and used extensively in research investigations, including the Emotional Expressivity subscale of the Social Skills Inventory (SSI; Riggio, 1989); the Affective Communication Test (ACT; Friedman, Prince, Riggio, & DiMatteo, 1980)…”

“" The BEQ Positive and Negative Expressivity subscales have been used in several previous studies with college-aged samples and demonstrate adequate internal consistency (α=.71 and .72, respectively) and 2-month test-retest reliability (r = .78 and .71, respectively; Gross & John, 1995, 1997 ).”

“Evidence from a variety of sources suggests that women may be more emotionally expressive than men, including in their self-reports of emotional experiences (e.g., Diener, Sandvik, & Larsen, 1985; Fujita, Diener, & Sandvik, 1991; Gross & John, 1995; also see Kring & Gordon, 1998, for a review).”

“Lastly, the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ; Gross & John, 1995) is designed to measure individual di€erences in the degree to which positive and negative emotions are expressed.”

“Sex differences have been reported, with women reporting greater expressivity than men on all of the BEQ scales (Gross & John, 1995).”

“Thomas-Knowles, 1991), emotional awareness (Lane, Quinlan, Schwartz, Walker, & Zeitlin, 1990), meta-experience of moods (Mayer & Gaschke, 1988), emotional expressiveness (Gross & John, 1995), and emotional intelligence (Mayer, Caruso, & Salovey, 2000; Salovey & Mayer, 1990).”

“Possible confounding effects of age, gender, and depression were ruled out by statistical analysis, with the exception of gender effects on BEQ scores, which were different for the PD and control group.”

“Level of expressivity of the targets is based on their score on the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ; Gross & John, 1995).”

“T2 BEQ – – – – – – – – .61 ** .83 ** .53 ** .74 ** .11 9.”

“However, reference persons’ dispositional expressivity as measured by the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ; Gross & John, 1995 ) was negatively correlated with players’ risk taking across both versions of the task, suggesting that friends showing clearer (more expressive) anxiety signals exerted stronger socia…”

“…consented, participants completed three computer-based surveys in a private testing area: the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS21, Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ, Gross & John, 1995), and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI, Davis, 1980).”

“Using Davis’ (1980) Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) to assess empathy as a trait variable, they found that Westerners reported more empathic concern, but less personal distress than did Easterners.”

“Research appears to bear this out with females exceeding males in reported emotionality and emotion expressivity (Allen and Haccoun (1976); Gross and John (1995)).”

“Kemp et al. (2003) found females differed from males in their processing of emotional stimuli and of unpleasant stimuli in particular, such that widespread frontal (particularly right-sided) electrophysiological activation was displayed in females but not in males.”

“Emotional expressivity was also linked to better social functioning (Burgin et al., 2012), cooperativeness (Schug et al., 2010), and agreeableness (Gross and John, 1995).”

“Emotional expressiveness was measured by the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (Gross & John, 1995).”

“Scale (PANAS), the RAS, and Gross and John's (1995) Emotional Ex-”

“In Study 2, we also assessed individual differences in expressivity (Gross & John, 1995, 1997) and intrapersonal regulation tendencies (Gross & John, 2003) as predictors of partners’ interpersonal calming and alerting.”

“Participants also completed the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ; Gross & John, 1995 ), which assesses tendencies to express emotions outwardly, and the Behavioural Approach Sensitivity and Behavioural Inhibition Sensitivity scales (BIS/BAS; Carver & White, 1994 ), which measure sensitivity to threat (BIS) and…”

“The capacity of expressive individuals to influence others by transmitting emotions, as well as the existence of individual differences in emotional expressiveness, have long been recognized (Friedman, DiMatteo, & Taranta, 1980 ; Gross & John, 1995 , 1997 ; Kring et al, 1994 ).”

“participant characteristics are important to obtain and include in the analyses, and we agree with King et al. (2010) that emotions provide another way to look at gender differences for products.”

“Measurements were used in offline correction of EOG artefact [36].”

“Given gender differences in emotion (e.g., Gross & John, 1995; Kring & Gordon 1998; Lang et al., 1993) it will be important to replicate the current findings in males.”

“After agreeing to an electronic informed consent form via the recruitment e-mail, participants completed a set of online questionnaires which included demographics and the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ) [14].”

“More unfavorable relationships with health appear to relate to the intensity aspect of orientation (8,17, 49 ).”

“…scholars have shown renewed interest in emotional expressiveness in the past decade, and several newer self-report measures have been developed, including the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ; Gross & John, 1995) and the Emotional Expressivity Scale (EES; Kring, Smith, & Neale, 1994).”

“Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ; (Gross and John, 1995; Gross, 2000),”

“They found that perceivers attained higher levels of EA if they scored higher on a self-report measure of trait affective empathy, the Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES) [7], and were watching targets who scored relatively high on a self-report measure of trait emotional expressivity, the Berkeley Expressivity Qu…”

“In fact, some studies indicate that recurrent pain is related to emotion expression rather than suppression (Gamsa & Vikis-Freibergs, 1991; Gross & John, 1995), and research with children and adolescents has shown that recurrent pain is associated with externalizing problem behaviors, such as…”

“There are several models of dispositional emotional expressivity (e.g., Gross & John, 1995).”

“Consequently, there are several examples of questionnaires measuring emotional expressiveness as a personality characteristic (e.g., Watson and Greer, 1983; Roger and Narajian, 1989; King and Emmons, 1990; Gross and John, 1995).”

“Neuroticism and extraversion are related to higher emotional expressivity (Gross and John, 1994), and extraversion is related to display regulation (Diefendorff et al., 2005; Judge et al., 2009).”

“Further, the facets have been replicated and validated in large samples using both self- and peer-reports ( Gross and John, 1995, 1997, 1998 ).”

“The Impulse Strength factor of the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (Gross & John, 1995) was included to assess the intensity of participants’ emotional reactions.”

“Studies using scenarios on the other hand (e.g., Dosser, Balswick, & Halverson, 1983; Gross & John, 1995; Timmers, Fischer, & Manstead, 1998; Fischer & Roseman, 2007) have shown some sex differences, however, again opposite from what one would expect on the basis of the stereotype: if differences were found, women rep…”

“The Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ; Gross and John, 1995) was administered to parents in order to examine parents’ self-report of their emotional expressivity.”