Cited by 367Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesMemory Processes and Influences

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Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression

Dalgleish, Tim, Watts, Fraser N.·1990·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/0272-7358(90)90098-u

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“For instance, memory biases (see Blaney, 1986; Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; MacLeod & Mathews, 1991) or appraisal deficits (e.g., failure to recognize facial expressions) (Persad & Polivy, 1993) related to the depression might bias the type of information that is available for use in making judgments.”
Background
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“…the enhanced (emotional) memory formation under stress may have important implications for our understanding of stress-related mental disorders, such as anxiety disorders or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; De Quervain et al., 2017; Pitman et al., 2012; Hyman, 2005; Dalgleish and Watts, 1990).”
Background
Patterns of distress associated with exposure to potentially morally injurious events among Canadian Armed Forces service members and Veterans: A multi‐method analysis
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“…with depression have been shown to have biases at early levels of processing—trouble disengaging from negative content (Mogg et al., 1995) and at higher levels of information processing—interpretation (Leppänen, Milders, Bell, Terriere, & Hietanen, 2004) and memory (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990).”
Background
The characteristics of obsessional thinking: Difficulty demonstrating the obvious?
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Test-retest reliability of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in psychotic disorders
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“Anxiety has been found to be correlated with many facets of negative cognition, including attentional biases (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Williams, Mathews, & MacLeod, 1996), negative interpretations of ambiguous stimuli (MacLeod & Cohen, 1993; Mogg, Mathews, & Eysenck, 1992), and quicker detection of…”
Biais mnésique associé à l’humeur dépressive : quelques réflexions critiques
Colombel, F. (2007) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/s0013-7006(07)92035-7 · Cited by 17
“Sur la base de ces résultats, différents auteurs (8, 18, 21) englobent les recherches impliquant des sujets cliniques et non cliniques et concluent en faveur de la mise en évidence d’un effet de congruence avec l’humeur, associé à la dépression.”
Background
An empirical study of the diathesis-stress theory of disease
Grossarth-Maticek, R., Eysenck, H. J., & Boyle, G. J. (1994) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1007/bf01857280 · Cited by 17
“Kendler and Eaves (1986) have treated the diathesis-stress model as a form of genotype-environment interaction, and Gottesman (1991) and Dalgleish and Watts (1990) have used such models to elaborate etiological theories of”
Method
Affective enhancement of working memory is maintained in depression.
Schweizer, S., Navrady, L. B., Breakwell, L., Howard, R. M., Golden, A.-M. J., Werner‐Seidler, A., & Dalgleish, T. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000306 · Cited by 17
“…this, the long-term memory literature shows a mood-congruent recall bias for negative, depressogenic information in depression (for reviews see: Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Gotlib & Krasnoperova, 1998), particularly for the most self-referent of memories: autobiographical memories (see Dalgleish…”
Background
Looks interesting: Attention allocation in depression when using a news website – An eye tracking study
Rudich-Strassler, A., Hertz‐Palmor, N., & Lazarov, A. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.058 · Cited by 16
Predictors of specific phobia in young women: A prospective community study
Trumpf, J., Margraf, J., Vriends, N., Meyer, A. H., & Becker, E. S. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.09.002 · Cited by 16
No attentional bias for pictoral stimuli in spider-fearful subjects
Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Kenemans, J. L., Dijkstra, A., & Schouten, E. G. W. (1993) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf01371378 · Cited by 16
“This attentional bias phenomenon is not restricted to spider phobia (for reviews see, e.g., Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Litz & Keane, 1989).”
Background
Gender difference in the associations of childhood maltreatment and non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents with mood disorders
Yue, Y., Wang, Y., Yang, R., Zhu, F., Yang, X., Lu, X., Zhu, P., Wu, Z., Li, Z., Zhao, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1162450 · Cited by 15
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“…is convincing evidence in the emotional memory literature of preferential retrieval of negative material in depressed and dysphoric samples (see Dalgleish & Watts, 1990, for a review; also Power, Dalgleish, Claudio, Tata, & Kentish, 2000), suggesting that biased retrieval of negative material…”
Background
Investigation of Threat-Related Attentional Bias in Anxious Children Using the Startle Eyeblink Modification Paradigm
Waters, A. M., Lipp, O. V., & Cobham, V. E. (2000) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027//0269-8803.14.3.142 · Cited by 15
“However, it is also possible that anxious individuals may experience an emotional reaction when presented with threatening stimuli, which may interfere with their colour-naming performance ( Dalgleish & Watts, 1990 ).”
Background
Cognitive behavior therapy and worry reduction in an outpatient with generalized anxiety disorder
Khodarahimi, S., & Pole, N. (2010) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650109351306 · Cited by 14
“…those with GAD (Mogg, Mathews, & Weinman, 1989), can show a pattern of selective information processing that favors the encoding of threatening information (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Mathews & Macleod, 1994; Mathews, Mogg, Kentish, & Eysenck, 1995; Williams, Watts, MacLeod, & Mathews, 1988).”
Stroop interference in a delayed match-to-sample task: evidence for semantic competition
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Regret and Disappointment: A Conceptualization of their Role in Ethical Decision-making
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“This is supported by evidence suggesting that negative affect in the form of anxiety acts directly upon the process of attention allocation, leading highly anxious individuals to attend more to the threatening aspects of a given situation (e.g., Dalgleish and Watts, 1990).”
Background
Role of state-dependent learning in the cognitive effects of caffeine in mice
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“Indeed, studies in humans have extensively shown that similar mood conditions can critically contribute to statedependent learning (Bower, 1981; Clark and Teasdale, 1982 ; Willner, 1985 ; Blaney, 1986 ; Dalgleish and Watts, 1990 ; Kenealy, 1997).”
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Ethosuximide Increases Exploratory Motivation and Improves Episodic Memory in the Novel Object Recognition Test in WAG/Rij Rats with Genetic Absence Epilepsy
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“…has demonstrated mood-congruent memory in depressed mood, suggesting that negative memories act to sustain depression and negative mood states (e.g., Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Matt, Vazquez, & Campbell, 1992; Teasdale & Russell, 1983; Watkins, 2002; Williams, Watts, MacLeod, & Mathews, 1997).”
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Retracted
The emotion regulation effect of cognitive control is related to depressive state through the mediation of rumination: An ERP study
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“depression typically have negative attention, memory and interpretation biases toward events in daily life [3, 4].”
Background
A Visual Dot-Probe Task as a Measurement of Attentional Bias and its Relationship with the Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Women with Breast Cancer
Chan, M., Ho, S. M. Y., Law, L. S., & Pau, B. K. (2013) · Advances in Cancer Research & Treatment · doi:10.5171/2013.813339 · Cited by 13
“Specifically, these findings may contribute to treatment development by modifying existing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990) and employing attention training strategies that target to exert control on internal and external cues attended(Mobini & Grant, 2007).”
Background
Depression among the head-injured and non-head-injured: A discriminant analysis
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Selective Information Processing of Body Size and Food Related Stimuli in Women Who Are Preoccupied With Body Size.
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Stress Alters the Neural Context for Building New Memories
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“…such a prioritization may contribute to the aberrant emotional memory that is prominent in several stress-related disorders, including depression, addiction, and posttraumatic stress disorder (de Quervain, Schwabe, & Roozendaal, 2017; Pitman et al., 2012; Hyman, 2005; Dalgleish & Watts, 1990).”
Background
Lack of an Attention Bias Away From Relatively Negative Faces in Dysphoria Is Not Related to Biased Emotion Identification
Basel, D., Aviram, T., & Lazarov, A. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.07.001 · Cited by 14
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“…retrospective recall has been disputed by researchers (Krause, 2004), individuals with depression tend towards negative autobiographical memories (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Joormann & Quinn, 2014), and older adults have been found to have a positivity bias towards autobiographical memories…”
Background
Effects of traumatic stress on defensive burying: an alternative test of the learned helplessness animal model of depression and enhanced retrieval of unpleasant memories
Overmier, J. B., Murison, R. C. C., Taklo, T., & Espelid, R. (1994) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)91180-0 · Cited by 12
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“Any individual selectively pays attention to cues which are associated with their emotionally desirable subjects (3, 6).”
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Wang, C., Rapp, P. E., Darmon, D. M., Trongnetrpunya, A., Costanzo, M. E., Nathan, D. E., Cellucci, C. J., Roy, M. J., & Keyser, D. O. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.027 · Cited by 12
Retrospectively reported childhood adversity is associated with asthma and chronic bronchitis, independent of mental health
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“5 Regarding the second explanation (confounding and differential recall bias), several 80 researchers have raised the concern that the observed association of retrospectively-reported 81 childhood adversity with asthma and chronic bronchitis could be an artefactual correlation 82 driven by the current psychological st…”
Background
Distinguiendo ansiedad y depresión : revisión de la hipótesis de la especificidad de contenido de Beck
Sanz, J. (1993) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 10
A Biobehavioral Profile of an Ulcer Susceptible Rat Strain
Paré, W. P., & Redei, E. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1867-9_20 · Cited by 10
Anxiety-related Attentional Biases in Childhood
Vasey, M. W. (1996) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/s0813483900004794 · Cited by 10
Trait anxiety affects attentional bias to emotional stimuli across time: A growth curve analysis
Xing, C., Zhang, Y., Lü, H., Zhu, X., & Miao, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.972892 · Cited by 9
“Many studies have also shown that anxiety is very closely related to attentional function (Dalgleish and Watts, 1990; Shechner et al., 2012).”
Background
Room for Feelings: A “Working Memory” Account of Affective Processing
van Dillen, L. V., & Hofmann, W. (2023) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/17540739221150233 · Cited by 6
“…& Cabeza, 2006; Phelps, 2004), both during encoding (McGaugh, 2004) and retrieval (Tambini et al., 2016), thus contributing to clinical conditions such as anxiety disorders (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Rapee et al., 1994) and posttraumatic stress disorder (Ono et al., 2016; Zeitlin & McNally, 1991).”
Background
Conceptual framework for tinnitus: a cognitive model in practice
Ghodratitoostani, I., Vaziri, Z., Neto, M. M., Barros, C. D. G. C., Delbem, A. C. B., Hyppolito, M. Â., Jalilvand, H., Louzada, F., & Leite, J. P. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48006-7 · Cited by 10
“However, Heinecke et al. 43 that negative appraisal does not necessarily lead to physiological arousal, and he designed a crossover experiment that presented stress-inducing conditions to the group of tinnitus patients 43 .”
Emotion Congruent Facilitation of Attention when Processing Anxious Stimuli
Lystad, C. M., Rokke, P. D., & Stout, D. M. (2008) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-008-9210-1 · Cited by 9
“Thus, many studies have been conducted to evaluate these biases ( Dalgleish and Watts 1990; Mineka and Gilboa 1998).”
Background
Uncertainty and Well-Being amongst Homeworkers in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study of University Staff
Wood, S., Michaelides, G., Daniels, K., & Niven, K. R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610435 · Cited by 9
“We expect that anxiety will direct people’s attention processes towards unhelpful information and thus that those who have experienced high levels of past anxiety will make different primary and secondary appraisals of the same level of uncertainty from those who have been more content [20,21].”
Background
Depressie bij kinderen en adolescenten
Timbremont, B., & Braet, C. (2005) · Kind en adolescent · doi:10.1007/bf03060940 · Cited by 8
“Dit vormt eventueel nieuwe mogelijkheden bij de preventie van herval (Bijttebier e.a., 2003; Dalgleish & Watts, 1990).”
Background
Depression is associated with increased vagal withdrawal during unpleasant emotional imagery after cardiac surgery
Patron, E., Benvenuti, S. M., Favretto, G., Gasparotto, R., & Palomba, D. (2015) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2015.02.002 · Cited by 10
Tinnitus, anxiety and automatic processing of affective information: an explorative study
Ooms, E., Vanheule, S., Meganck, R., Vinck, B., Watelet, J., & Dhooge, I. J. M. (2012) · European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology · doi:10.1007/s00405-012-2044-1 · Cited by 9
“However, results on mood congruency effects in depression are contradictory [20], and thus caution is still warranted in drawing conclusions in this”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Evaluation of Life Events in Major Depression: Assessing Negative Emotional Bias
Girz, L. P., Driver‐Linn, E., Miller, G. A., & Deldin, P. J. (2016) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2033 · Cited by 9
Specific Phobias
Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0080-4270(73)00237-6 · Cited by 9
The neural influence of autobiographical memory related to the parent-child relationship on psychological health in adulthood
Kim, E., Kim, H. E., & Kim, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231592 · Cited by 8
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Schizophrenia
Yaryura-Tobias, J. A., & McKay, D. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043410-0/50017-9 · Cited by 8
Seeing the Forest through the Trees
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Emotional modulation of inhibitory control in rumination from empirical and computational perspectives
Singh, S., Li, B., Gerhard, S., Nunes, A., & Becker, S. (2025) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01360-7 · Cited by 10
“The negativity bias previously reported in rumination may, in fact, be primarily associated with depressive symptomatology (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990), which the composite RRS score has been criticized to also measure (Treynor et al., 2003).”
Affect and Information Processing
Daniels, K. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199290468.003.0017 · Cited by 7
Incidental Emotion Regulation Deficits in Public Speaking Anxiety
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Mise à jour des croyances et congruence à l'humeur dans le trouble dépressif
Bottemanne, H., Frileux, S., Guesdon, A., & Fossati, P. (2021) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2021.06.015 · Cited by 7
Changes in childhood caregiving impressions among middle‐aged and older adults
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“One explanation is that people who self-report as having poorer functioning (e.g., more depressive symptoms) might be negatively biased and report more negative impressions about their childhood/adolescent experiences (Brewin et al., 1993; Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Susser & Widom, 2012).”
No modulation effects of depressive traits on the self-face advantage
Lee, J. K. W., Janssen, S. M. J., & Estudillo, A. J. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112524 · Cited by 6
Modes of embodiment for an immersed experience in museums: The Royal Tank Museum
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Record of the past or reflection of the present? Fluctuations in recollections of childhood adversity and fluctuations in adult relationship circumstances
Jaros, A., & Chopik, W. J. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107873 · Cited by 6
Inducing Affective Learning Biases with Cognitive Training and Prefrontal tDCS: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Overman, M. J., Browning, M. D., & O’Shea, J. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10146-9 · Cited by 6
“1 3 are expressed as an increase in attention to, encoding of, and memory retrieval for adverse information relative to positive information, which can result in low mood and related depressive symptoms (Dalgleish and Watts 1990; Peckham et al. 2010).”
Background
Modulation of Physiological Responses as Indices of Attentional Bias in Dysphoria
Gantiva, C., Araujo, A., Aragão, N., & Hewitt, N. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-017-9774-7 · Cited by 6
“The results of studies of depression have been consistent regarding memory and interpretation biases but contradictory regarding attentional bias (Dalgleish and Watts 1990; Mathews and MacLeod 1994; Mineka et al. 1998; Mogg and Bradley 2005).”
Result
Assessing Hedonic Bias in Emotional Scene Memory
Bradley, M. M., Karlsson, M. E., & Lang, P. J. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000306 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, a longstanding clinical literature has proposed specific hedonic biases across the anxiety andmood disorders (e.g., Dagleish & Watts, 1990; Gotlib & Joormann, 2010).”
Background
Mood and memories of parental rearing styles: A comparison of mood effects on questionnaire-cued and free recall of autobiographical memories
Gerlsma, C., Mosterman, I., Buwalda, S., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (1992) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf00960779 · Cited by 6
“During the last decades a host of research has shown that mood may affect cognitions, including autobiographical memories (e.g., reviewed by Blaney, 1986; Singer & Salovey, 1988; Dalgleish & Watts, 1990 ).”
Background
The appraisal of threat and the process of selective attention in clinical and sub‐clinical anxiety states I: Theoretical issues
Dalgleish, T. (1994) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.5640010303 · Cited by 6
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“For example, the authors note that asking participants to freely name or rate emotional stimuli results in an overall negatively biased pattern of responding, likely due to the reliable association between depression and selective recall of negative information (see Dalgleish and Watts, 1990).”
Background
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“It should be noted that the evidence of threat-related AB mediated by depression rather than anxiety is less clear in humans (Bar-Haim et al., 2007; Dalgleish and Watts, 1990; Mogg and Bradley, 2005; see 5.1 for further caveats for measuring depression-related AB in humans) and AB towards threat is…”
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“…Reinecke, Ellwart, Heuer, & Becker, 2005)。而對威脅的注意力偏誤意謂著對威脅刺激比起正面刺激或中性刺激有較多的注意力配置 (Bar-Haim, Lamy, Pergamin, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2007; MacLeod, Mathews, & Tata, 1986; Mogg & Bradley, 1998) ，研究證據一致地支持高特質焦慮者偏好將注意力資源分配到威脅刺激上 (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990) ，這些高特質焦慮者會盡可能地去偵測威脅訊息…”
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“In several recent reviews, it has been proposed that an attentional bias for moodcongruent information is a primary feature of anxiety (Dalgleish and Watts 1990; Mathews 1990; Williams et al. 1988).”
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“Indeed, for example, this appears to be the received view in most research on attentional biases in anxiety and depression (e.g., MacLeod et al., 1986; Gotlib et al., 1988; Dalgleish and Watts, 1990; Mogg et al., 1995; see also a review in Ingram et al., 2008) and on the attentional effects of encountering emotionally…”
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Authors: Dalgleish, T., & Watts, F. N.
Affiliations: University of London (GB)
Corresponding author: Watts, Fraser N.
ORCID: Dalgleish, Tim
Watts, Fraser N.
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1990-01
Volume: 10
Issue: 5
Pages: 589-604
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0272-7358(90)90098-u
OpenAlex: W1965578008
Cited by: 366
References: 100
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 11.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Keywords: attentional bias, memory bias, anxiety disorders, depression, threat stimuli, mood-congruent memory, cognitive biases, diathesis-stress model, schema theory, mental models, cognitive assessment, cognitive therapy

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Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression

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