The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychological responses to war and atrocity: The limitations of current concepts
Abstract
Because of the prevalence of wars, political violence and other forms of man-made disaster in Third World countries many individuals and communities suffer prolonged and often multiple traumas. In Western psychiatry certain conceptions of the response to violence and trauma have been developed, including the widely used category of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We argue that because concepts such as PTSD implicitly endorse a Western ontology and value system, their use in non-Western groups should be, atmost, tentative.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
(1980) · Cited by 22,286
Freud, S. (2015) · Psychoanalysis and History · doi:10.3366/pah.2015.0169 · Cited by 5,286
(1992) · Cited by 5,228
Kleinman, A. (1980) · doi:10.1525/9780520340848 · Cited by 4,945
Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry
Freedman, A. M., & Kaplan, H. I. (1967) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-196712000-00052 · Cited by 3,825
African Religions and Philosophy
Evans‐Pritchard, E. E., & Mbiti, J. (1969) · Journal of Religion in Africa · doi:10.2307/1594869 · Cited by 2,268
African Religions and Philosophy
Barrett, D. B., & Mbiti, J. (1970) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1384999 · Cited by 2,095
Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture
Kleinman, A. (2023) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/jj.2711689 · Cited by 2,002
Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing
Taussig, M. (1987) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226790114.001.0001 · Cited by 1,972
Horowitz, M. J. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2820-3_4 · Cited by 1,866
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61027-6 · Cited by 2,292
Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & van Ommeren, M. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1132 · Cited by 2,246
Miller, K. E., & Rasmussen, A. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.029 · Cited by 1,524
Porter, M., & Haslam, N. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.5.602 · Cited by 1,793
Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: proposals for ICD-11
Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., van Ommeren, M., Jones, L. M., Humayan, A., Kagee, A., Llosa, A. E., Rousseau, C., et al. (2013) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20057 · Cited by 762
Steel, Z., Silove, D. M., Phan, T. D., & Bauman, A. E. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11142-1 · Cited by 616
The Psychosocial Effects of Torture, Mass Human Rights Violations, and Refugee Trauma
Silove, D. M. (1999) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199904000-00002 · Cited by 551
A critical review of psychological treatments of posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees
Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Silove, D., & Steel, Z. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.10.004 · Cited by 457
Blood pressure measuring devices: recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension
Burnett, A., & Peel, M. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7285.544 · Cited by 413
The emerging evidence for Narrative Exposure Therapy: A review
Robjant, K., & Fazel, M. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.07.004 · Cited by 397
Johnson, H., & Thompson, A. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.017 · Cited by 530
Post-traumatic stress in former Ugandan child soldiers
Derluyn, I., Broekaert, E., Schuyten, G., & Temmerman, E. D. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15734-6 · Cited by 352
The psychosocial aspects of children exposed to war: practice and policy initiatives
Barenbaum, J., Ruchkin, V., & Schwab‐Stone, M. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00304.x · Cited by 341
Morina, N., Akhtar, A., Barth, J., & Schnyder, U. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00433 · Cited by 339
Betancourt, T. S., Meyers-Ohki, S. E., Charrow, A. P., & Tol, W. A. (2013) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0b013e318283bf8f · Cited by 326
Roberts, B., Kaducu, F. O., Browne, J. P., Oyok, T. O., & Sondorp, E. (2008) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-8-38 · Cited by 324
Children's Risk, Resilience, and Coping in Extreme Situations
Boyden, J., & Mann, G. H. (2005) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976312.n1 · Cited by 309
Trauma exposure and psychological reactions to genocide among Rwandan children
Dyregrov, A., Gupta, L., Gjestad, R., & Mukanoheli, E. (2000) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1007759112499 · Cited by 305
Kohrt, B. A., & Hruschka, D. J. (2010) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-010-9170-2 · Cited by 303
Conflict and health: War and mental health: a brief overview
Summerfield, D. A. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7255.232 · Cited by 277
Self-citationCross-Cultural Assessment of Psychological Trauma and PTSD
Wilson, J. P. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70990-1 · Cited by 289
Postpsychiatry: a new direction for mental health
Bracken, P. J., & Thomas, P. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7288.724 · Cited by 274
Self-citationMental and social health during and after acute emergencies: emerging consensus?
van Ommeren, M., Saxena, S., & Saraceno, B. (2005) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 255
Miller, K. E., Omidian, P. A., Quraishy, A. S., Quraishy, N., Nasiry, M. N., Nasiry, S., Karyar, N. M., & Yaqubi, A. A. (2006) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.423 · Cited by 233
Daily Stressors, War Experiences, and Mental Health in Afghanistan
Miller, K. E., Omidian, P. A., Rasmussen, A., Yaqubi, A. A., & Daudzai, H. (2008) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461508100785 · Cited by 217
Barber, B. K. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12056 · Cited by 216
Between power and powerlessness: a meta-ethnography of sources of resilience in young refugees
Sleijpen, M., Boeije, H., Kleber, R. J., & Mooren, T. T. M. (2015) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2015.1044946 · Cited by 232
Roberts, B., Damundu, E. Y., Lomoro, O., & Sondorp, E. (2009) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-9-7 · Cited by 203
Mayland, C. R., Harding, A. J. E., Preston, N., & Payne, S. (2020) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.05.012 · Cited by 197
Emotional and behavioural problems in migrant adolescents in Belgium
Derluyn, I., Broekaert, E., & Schuyten, G. (2007) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-007-0636-x · Cited by 195
Childhood, War, Refugeedom and ‘Trauma’: Three Core Questions for Mental Health Professionals
Summerfield, D. A. (2000) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/136346150003700308 · Cited by 193
Self-citationResource caravans and resource caravan passageways
Hobfoll, S. E. (2014) · Intervention · doi:10.1097/wtf.0000000000000067 · Cited by 203
Miller, K. E., Kulkarni, M., & Kushner, H. (2006) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.409 · Cited by 188
Refugee Trauma versus Torture Trauma: A Retrospective Controlled Cohort Study of Tibetan Refugees
Holtz, T. H. (1998) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199801000-00005 · Cited by 183
Ellis, B. H., Lincoln, A. K., Charney, M. E., Ford-Paz, R., Benson, M., & Strunin, L. (2010) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461510379933 · Cited by 181
Beyond the Discourse of Trauma: Shifting the Focus on Sudanese Refugees
Marlowe, J. M. (2010) · Journal of Refugee Studies · doi:10.1093/jrs/feq013 · Cited by 161
Somasundaram, D. J., & Sivayokan, S. (2013) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/1752-4458-7-3 · Cited by 175
Prevalence of depression in Syrian refugees and the influence of religiosity
Naja, W., Aoun, M. P., Khoury, E. L. E., Abdallah, F. B., & Haddad, R. S. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.04.002 · Cited by 156
The role of shame in posttraumatic stress disorder: A proposal for a socio-emotional model for DSM-V
Budden, A. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.07.032 · Cited by 153
Individual Differences in Posttraumatic Distress: Problems with the DSM-IV Model
Bowman, M. L. (1999) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379904400103 · Cited by 149
Beals, J., Manson, S. M., Shore, J. H., Friedman, M. J., Ashcraft, M., Fairbank, J. A., & Schlenger, W. E. (2002) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1014894506325 · Cited by 147
The health of survivors of torture and organised violence
Burnett, A., & Peel, M. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7286.606 · Cited by 142
Ethnocultural aspects of PTSD: An overview of concepts, issues, and treatments.
Marsella, A. J. (2010) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1534765610388062 · Cited by 140
Terheggen, M. A., Stroebe, M., & Kleber, R. J. (2001) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1011177204593 · Cited by 142
Lykes, M. B., Blanche, M. T., & Hamber, B. (2003) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1023074620506 · Cited by 139
Nicholl, C., & Thompson, A. R. (2004) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638230410001729807 · Cited by 140
Political violence and mental health: A multi-disciplinary review of the literature on Nepal
Tol, W. A., Kohrt, B. A., Jordans, M. J. D., Thapa, S. B., Pettigrew, J., Upadhaya, N., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.037 · Cited by 135
Children and War: Current Understandings and Future Directions
Berman, H. (2001) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1446.2001.00243.x · Cited by 135
The stigma of being a refugee: A mixed-method study of refugees' experiences of vocational stress
Baranik, L. E., Hurst, C. S., & Eby, L. T. D. T. (2017) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.09.006 · Cited by 153
Debating war-trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an interdisciplinary arena
Kienzler, H. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.030 · Cited by 171
Post-modernity and post-traumatic stress disorder
Bracken, P. J. (2001) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00385-3 · Cited by 125
Self-citationCross-cultural variations in the prevalence and presentation of anxiety disorders
Marques, L., Robinaugh, D. J., LeBlanc, N. J., & Hinton, D. (2011) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.122 · Cited by 122
Hughes, G. (2013) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104513476719 · Cited by 122
War, gender and culture: Mozambican women refugees.
Sideris, T. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00067-9 · Cited by 140
van Duijl, M., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Komproe, I. H., Gernaat, H. B. P. E., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2010) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-010-9171-1 · Cited by 127
Creating an Ecology of Hope: Arts-based Interventions with Refugee Children
Yohani, S. C. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-008-0129-x · Cited by 122
Maoz, I. (2000) · Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327949pac0602_3 · Cited by 106
Bouncing forward of young refugees: a perspective on resilience research directions
Sleijpen, M., ter Heide, F. J. J., Mooren, T. T. M., Boeije, H., & Kleber, R. J. (2013) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20124 · Cited by 113
Factors associated with the health status of internally displaced persons in northern Uganda
Roberts, B., Kaducu, F. O., Browne, J. P., Oyok, T. O., & Sondorp, E. (2008) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2008.076356 · Cited by 107
A NARRATIVE EXPOSURE TREATMENT AS INTERVENTION IN A REFUGEE CAMP: A CASE REPORT
Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Roth, W. T., & Elbert, T. R. (2002) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465802002072 · Cited by 109
Possible Contributions of a Psychology of Liberation: Whither Health and Human Rights?
Lykes, M. B. (2000) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910530000500312 · Cited by 102
Richards, A. L., Ospina‐Duque, J., Valencia, M., Escobar-Rincón, J., Ardila-Gutiérrez, M., Metzler, T. J., & Marmar, C. R. (2011) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0022257 · Cited by 116
Ager, A., Stark, L., Akesson, B., & Boothby, N. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01467.x · Cited by 129
Rethinking Mental Health Work with Survivors of Wartime Violence and Refugees
Bracken, P. J., Giller, J. E., & Summerfield, D. A. (1997) · Journal of Refugee Studies · doi:10.1093/jrs/10.4.431 · Cited by 98
Self-citationStevens, G., Eagle, G. T., Kaminer, D., & Higson-Smith, C. (2013) · Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032484 · Cited by 107
Girls with Guns: Narrating the Experience of War of Frelimo's "Female Detachment"
West, H. G. (2000) · Anthropological Quarterly · doi:10.1353/anq.2000.0015 · Cited by 95
McColl, H., & Johnson, S. (2006) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0102-y · Cited by 94
How Traumatized Societies Remember: The Aftermath of Argentina's Dirty War
Robben, A. C. G. M. (2005) · Cultural Critique · doi:10.1353/cul.2005.0010 · Cited by 94
Liamputtong, P. (2008) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8567-3 · Cited by 161
Groark, C., Sclare, I., & Raval, H. (2011) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104510370405 · Cited by 91
Sommers, M. (2002) · Cited by 90
Porter, M., & Haslam, N. (2001) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1013054524810 · Cited by 90
The impact of September 11 on psychologists.
Eidelson, R. J., D'Alessio, G. R., & Eidelson, J. I. (2003) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.34.2.144 · Cited by 89
Rasmussen, A., Keatley, E., & Joscelyne, A. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.015 · Cited by 87
Opaas, M., & Varvin, S. (2015) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000330 · Cited by 87
Trauma and Humanitarian Translation in Liberia: The Tale of Open Mole
Abramowitz, S. A. (2010) · Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-010-9172-0 · Cited by 98
Mental health issues among refugee children and adolescents
Henley, J., & Robinson, J. A. (2011) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/j.1742-9552.2011.00024.x · Cited by 86
Musisi, S., & Kinyanda, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00020 · Cited by 85
Eisenbruch, M., de Jong, J. T. V. M., & van de Put, W. A. C. M. (2004) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/b:jots.0000022618.65406.e8 · Cited by 85
Tay, A. K., Rees, S. J., Chen, J., Kareth, M., & Silove, D. M. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0480-3 · Cited by 84
Agbaria, N., Petzold, S., Deckert, A., Henschke, N., Veronese, G., Dambach, P., Jaenisch, T., Horstick, O., & Winkler, V. F. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256426 · Cited by 82
Mental healthcare of asylum-seekers and refugees
McColl, H., McKenzie, K. J., & Bhui, K. S. (2008) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.107.005041 · Cited by 79
Coloniality and Psychology: From Silencing to Re-Centering Marginalized Voices in Postcolonial Times
Bhatia, S., & Priya, K. R. (2021) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/10892680211046507 · Cited by 95
Organized violence and mental health of refugee children in exile: a six-year follow-up
Hjern, A., & Angel, B. (2000) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1080/080352500750044089 · Cited by 77
Kevers, R., Rober, P., Derluyn, I., & Haene, L. D. (2016) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-016-9490-y · Cited by 77
Starting mental health services in Cambodia
Somasundaram, D. J., van de Put, W. A. C. M., Eisenbruch, M., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (1999) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00415-8 · Cited by 76
Summerfield, D. A. (1996) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 76
Self-citationDerluyn, I., Vindevogel, S., & Haene, L. D. (2013) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2013.824058 · Cited by 72
Jobson, L. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.03.002 · Cited by 70
`Highly Vulnerable'? Political Violence and the Social Construction of Traumatized Children
Gilligan, C. (2008) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343308098407 · Cited by 69
Disability Associated With Psychiatric Symptoms Among Torture Survivors in Rural Nepal
Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Thapa, S. B., Jordans, M. J. D., Sharma, B., & De Jong, J. T. V. M. (2007) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31802f5dac · Cited by 65
Schryver, M. D., Vindevogel, S., Rasmussen, A., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01896 · Cited by 74
Prevalence of mental disorders and torture among Tibetan refugees: A systematic review
Mills, E. J., Singh, S., Holtz, T. H., Chase, R. M., Dolma, S., Santa-Barbara, J., & Orbinski, J. (2005) · BMC International Health and Human Rights · doi:10.1186/1472-698x-5-7 · Cited by 66
Narrative exposure therapy in children : a case study
Schauer, E., Neuner, F., Elbert, T. R., Ertl, V., Onyut, L. P., Odenwald, M. G., & Schauer, M. (2004) · KOPS (University of Konstanz) · Cited by 65
Cultural Diversity in the Appraisal and Expression of Trauma
Stamm, B. H., & Friedman, M. J. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4177-6_5 · Cited by 63
Cultural Challenges to Psychosocial Counselling in Nepal
Tol, W. A., Jordans, M. J. D., Regmi, S., & Sharma, B. (2005) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461505052670 · Cited by 63
Assessing adolescent mental health in war-affected societies: the significance of symptoms
JONES, L. M., & Kafetsios, K. G. (2002) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00381-2 · Cited by 63
Batniji, R., Van Ommeren, M., & Saraceno, B. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.050 · Cited by 94
Patel, N., Kellezi, B., & Williams, A. C. D. C. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009317.pub2 · Cited by 110
Gilmoor, A., Vallath, S., Regeer, B., & Bunders, J. (2020) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461520909613 · Cited by 65
Metadata
- Authors
- Bracken, P. J., Giller, J. E., & Summerfield, D.
- Venue
- Social Science & Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-04
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1073-1082
- ISSN
- 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2055974435
- Cited by
- 571
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 9.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Cultural, Psychoanalytic, and Sociopolitical Reflections
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, war trauma, atrocities, Western ontology, non-Western populations, political violence, developing countries
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Bereavement, Combat Disorders, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Developing Countries, Female, Humans, Male, Patient Care Team, Psychotherapy, Social Support, Social Values, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Survival, Uganda, Violence, Warfare
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review