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Social comparison, social attractiveness and evolution: How might they be related?
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“After all, social comparisons did not emerge with SNSs; it is a phylogenetically ancient ability that has likely been instrumental to navigating social hierarchies throughout human evolutionary history (Benítez and Brosnan, 2020; Gilbert et al., 1995).”
From The associations between social comparison on social media and young adults’ mental health (2025) · cites this paper as Gilbert et al., 1995
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“This need is phylogenetically speaking relatively old and can be found within many species (Gilbert, Price, & Allan, 1995).”
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“Social comparison itself is not a sign of psychopathology and can actually be a healthy way to acquire essential information about ourselves (Gilbert et al., 1995).”
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“The same is to say that body shape is a dimension particularly used to obtain social attention and acceptance by others (Gilbert et al., 1995; Troop, Allan, Treasure, & Katzman, 2003).”
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“In contrast, individuals with inferior strength and abilities are placed in an unfavorable position where displaying submissive behaviors and avoiding attacks or challenges is more beneficial (Gilbert et al., 1995a).”
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“This process can be conceptualized as a defensive mechanism that allows individuals to estimate self-rank within their social group and to adapt his/her behaviours in accordance to what is social valued [12, 16, 17].”
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“In particular for women, physical appearance has been a fundamental dimension for self-evaluation and for determining whether one is accepted and valued by others (Burkle et al. 1999; Fredrickson and Roberts 1997; Gatward 2007; Gilbert 2002; Gilbert et al. 1995).”
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The associations between social comparison on social media and young adults’ mental health
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“From an evolutionary perspective, Gilbert, Price, and Allan (1995) suggested that the need to compare one-self with others is phylogenetically very old, biologically very powerful, and recognizable in many species, because of the adaptive value of adequately sizing up one’s competitors.”
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“Therefore, social acceptance is a primary need which implies being capable of promoting other’s interest and approval [29].”
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“The drive to compare is not limited to humans (Gilbert, Price, and Allan 1995), so likely has a genetic component.”
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“In this context, knowledge about one’s own mate value in the face of potential competitors can be beneficial, by optimizing the investment of time and energy in partner choice and the expression of different mating tactics (Gilbert et al., 1995; Little & Mannion, 2006).”
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“It has even been argued that the need to compare the self with others has evolved in other species as well, as a general adaptive mechanism for sizing up one’s competitors (Gilbert et al., 1995).”
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“Because of the adaptive value of adequately sizing up one’s competitors to both own survival and group functioning, comparing oneself to others is likely to be phylogenetically ancient and shared by many species [13].”
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“The ability to compare oneself with others (e.g., Festinger, 1954) is phylogenetically very old and is recognizable in many species ( Gilbert, Price, & Allan, 1995 ).”
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“Festinger (1954) theorized social comparison as the need to compare oneself to others for acquiring information about the self, this process is considered a general tendency of human beings (Gilbert et al., 1995).”
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“This has the potential to be problematic because humans are highly sensitive to group concerns such as exclusion (Williams, 2007), social comparison (Gilbert, 2001; Gilbert et al., 1995), morality (Axelrod & Hamilton, 1981), and inter-group conflict (Rathje et al., 2021).”
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“While social comparison is broadly recognized as a basic attribute of human socialization (Gilbert, Price, & Allan, 1995), research indicates that the frequency of such comparisons vary from individual to individual – these individual differences are known as ‘comparison orientation’ (Gibbons &…”
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“Given the historical relevance of the female body shape as a central domain in self and social evaluations (Gatward, 2007), the majority of women tend to invest in this dimension with the purpose of promoting attractiveness in the minds of others (Gilbert et al., 1995).”
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“A change in mind caused by such deference is rooted in the fundamental and universal desires of animals, such as self-assessment for comfortable survival [18], self-improvement by comparing with higher others [19], and self-elevation by comparing with lower others [20].”
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“It was also proposed as a critical aspect of human social evolution [31].”
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“Although the tendency to engage in social comparison is thought to be a universal human characteristic (Gilbert et al., 1995)— a ‘phylogenetically very old’ and ‘biologically very powerful’ tendency (to take Gilbert et al.’s own words) — there is evidence that the strength of this tendency varies…”
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“Individuals in the team can acquire social information by selecting comparison targets for further observation (Gilbert et al., 1995a; Sun et al., 2021).”
Health Cognitions, Decision-Making, and Behavior
Klein, W. M. P., & Rice, E. L. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190629113.003.0019 · Cited by 5
Maxwell, M. (2008) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries) · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Gilbert, P., Price, J., & Allan, S.
- Venue
- New Ideas in Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-07
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 149-165
- ISSN
- 0732-118X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2079575968
- Cited by
- 322
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 0.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- Locations
- New Ideas in Psychology (publishedVersion)
- eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- social comparison, social attractiveness, intrasexual selection, reciprocal exchange, resource holding potential, self-concept, self-esteem, phylogeny, human evolution
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