Cited by 1,913Visual perception and processing mechanismsFace Recognition and PerceptionVisual Attention and Saliency Detection

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‘What’ and ‘where’ in the human brain

Ungerleider, Leslie G., Haxby, James V.·1994·Current Opinion in Neurobiology

DOI 10.1016/0959-4388(94)90066-3

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Abstract

Multiple visual areas in the cortex of nonhuman primates are organized into two hierarchically organized and functionally specialized processing pathways, a 'ventral stream' for object vision and a 'dorsal stream' for spatial vision. Recent findings from positron emission tomography activation studies have localized these pathways within the human brain, yielding insights into cortical hierarchies, specialization of function, and attentional mechanisms.

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“In homology with monkeys, these areas have been divided into dorsal and ventral processing streams (Haxby et al., 1991; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
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“Indeed, the primary support of the dual pathway model in humans has been deduced from dissociable consequences of naturally occurring lesions and functional localisation studies (Goodale &Milner, 1992; Haxby et al., 1991; Milner & Goodale, 2006; Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994).”
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Background
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Recognition memory for object form and object location: An event-related potential study
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A multi-stage account of binding in vision: Neuropsychological evidence
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“…processing involves decomposition of the signal into separable dimensions, with these dimensions being processed to some degree in different neural areas (e.g., see Desimone & Ungerleider, 1989; Humphreys, 1999; Tootell et al., 1995; Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994; Watson et al., 1993; Zeki, 1993).”
Background
Linguistic processing in visual and modality-nonspecific brain areas: PET recordings during selective attention
Vorobyev, V., Alho, K., Medvedev, S. V., Pakhomov, S. V., Roudas, M. S., Rutkovskaya, J. M., Tervaniemi, M. H., van Zuijen, T. L., & Näätänen, R. (2004) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.03.011 · Cited by 44
“Thus, the present results suggest that the visual word processing in the left occipito-temporal cortex occurs in a ‘‘posterior-to-anterior’’ fashion similar to how non-linguistic visual information is processed along the so-called ‘‘what’’pathway, first found in primates and then confirmed in humans [7,81].”
Background
Novel vs. Well-learned Memory for Faces: A Positron Emission Tomography Study
Wiser, A. K., Andreasen, N. C., OʼLeary, D. S., Crespo‐Facorro, B., Ponto, L. L. B., Watkins, G. L., & Hichwa, R. D. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900562084 · Cited by 44
“This area is part of the ventral stream dedicated to form vision (DeYoe, Fellemen, Van Essen, & McClendon, 1994; DeYoe et al., 1996; Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994; Goodale & Milner, 1992; Van Essen, Felleman, DeYoe, Olavarria, & Knierim, 1990; DeYoe & Van Essen, 1988; Mishkin, Ungerleider, & Macko, 1983).”
Designing ecosystems of intelligence from first principles
Friston, K. J., Ramstead, M. J. D., Kiefer, A. B., Tschantz, A., Buckley, C. L., Albarracin, M., Pitliya, R. J., Heins, C., Klein, B., Millidge, B., et al. (2024) · Collective Intelligence · doi:10.1177/26339137231222481 · Cited by 80
Constructional Apraxia as a Distinctive Cognitive and Structural Brain Feature of Pre-Senile Alzheimer's Disease
Serra, L., Fadda, L., Perri, R., Spanò, B., Marra, C., Castelli, D., Torso, M., Makovac, E., Cercignani, M., Caltagirone, C., et al. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-130656 · Cited by 43
Visuomotor robustness is based on integration not segregation
Schenk, T. (2010) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.08.013 · Cited by 44
Visual response properties of neurons in four areas of the avian pallium
Scarf, D., Stuart, M., Johnston, M., & Colombo, M. (2016) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-016-1071-6 · Cited by 43
“dorsal stream processing spatial information and the ventral stream responsible for the processing of object features (Mishkin et al. 1983; Ungerleider and Haxby 1994).”
BackgroundInfluential
Anatomical integrity within the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and semantic processing deficits in schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Surbeck, W., Hänggi, J., Scholtes, F., Viher, P. V., Schmidt, A., Stegmayer, K., Studerus, E., Lang, U. E., Riecher‐Rössler, A., Strik, W. K., et al. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.12.025 · Cited by 43
Decoding stimulus identity in occipital, parietal and inferotemporal cortices during visual mental imagery
Ragni, F., Tucciarelli, R., Andersson, P. U., & Lingnau, A. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.02.020 · Cited by 46
Selective utilization of spatial working memory resources during stance posture
VanderVelde, T. J., Woollacott, M. H., & Shumway‐Cook, A. (2005) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200505120-00023 · Cited by 43
“The processing of object form and spatial location involve differentiated cortical processing pathways [13].”
Background
Understanding the Emergence of Modularity in Neural Systems
Bullinaria, J. A. (2007) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1080/15326900701399939 · Cited by 42
“…and how” (e.g., Goodale & Milner, 1992; Milner & Goodale, 1995), or “planning and control” (e.g., Glover, 2003), or even “semantic and pragmatic” (e.g., Jeannerod, 1997), rather than “what and where” (Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994), have been suggested, but for present purposes this is not important.”
Background
Cerebral Metabolism, Cognition, and Functional Abilities in Alzheimer Disease
Melrose, R. J., Ettenhofer, M. L., Harwood, D. G., Achamallah, N., Campa, O., Mandelkern, M. A., & Sultzer, D. L. (2011) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988711405333 · Cited by 42
“Beginning posteriorly, we observed a correlation between hypometabolism and poorer IADLs in the parietal and posterior temporal cortex, reflecting the ‘‘where’’ and ‘‘what’’ visual processing streams, respectively.(37) This is consistent with the observation that visual perceptual abilities reliant on ventromedial and…”
Result
Structural and functional changes of the visual cortex in early Huntington's disease
Coppen, E. M., van der Grond, J., Hafkemeijer, A., Wolf, J. B., & Roos, R. A. C. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24322 · Cited by 41
Visual cortex recruitment during language processing in blind individuals is explained by Hebbian learning
Tomasello, R., Wennekers, T., Garagnani, M., & Friedemann Pulvermüller, A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39864-1 · Cited by 45
Infants perceive human point-light displays as solid forms
Moore, D. G., Goodwin, J. E., George, R., Axelsson, E. L., & Braddick, F. (2006) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.07.007 · Cited by 42
Maturation of luminance- and motion-defined form perception beyond adolescence: A combined ERP and fMRI study
Bücher, K., Dietrich, T., Marcar, V. L., Brem, S., Halder, P., Boujraf, S., Summers, P. E., Brandeis, D., Martin, E., & Loenneker, T. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.032 · Cited by 42
Conflict caused by visual feedback modulates activation in somatosensory areas during movement execution
Wasaka, T., & Kakigi, R. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.024 · Cited by 43
“…of cortical information processing are defined in the visual and auditory modalities (Anourova et al., 2001; Kaas and Hackett, 1999; Maeder et al., 2001; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994), and it is assumed that the somatosensory modality also has two similar parallel and segregated functional pathways.”
On the evolution of conscious attention
Haladjian, H. H., & Montemayor, C. (2014) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0718-y · Cited by 41
Spatiotemporal activation of the two visual pathways in form discrimination and spatial location: A brain mapping study
Rao, H., Zhou, T., Zhuo, Y., Fan, S., & Chen, L. (2002) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10076 · Cited by 42
General recognition theory with individual differences: a new method for examining perceptual and decisional interactions with an application to face perception
Soto, F. A., Vucovich, L. E., Musgrave, R. D., & Ashby, F. G. (2014) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0661-y · Cited by 41
“…for example, much research has focused on determining whether there is independent processing of object and spatial visual information (e.g., Ungerleider and Haxby 1994), different kinds of shape properties (e.g., Blais et al. 2009; Stankiewicz 2002; Vogels et al. 2001), different semantic…”
Network assemblies in the functional brain
Sepulcre, J., Sabuncu, M. R., & Johnson, K. A. (2012) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e328355a8e8 · Cited by 42
Magnocellular training improves visual word recognition
Chouake, T., Levy, T., Javitt, D. C., & Michal Lavidor, B. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00014 · Cited by 41
“This extended magnocellular-dominated dorsal stream is principally critical for detecting spatial relationships as well as rapid changes, which allows this network to be sensitive to motion (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
Background
An Investigation of the Free Energy Principle for Emotion Recognition
Demekas, D., Parr, T., & Friston, K. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2020.00030 · Cited by 44
“The classic example of this is the separation of visual processing into a “what” and a “where” stream (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
Background
The spatiotemporal neural dynamics of object location representations in the human brain
Graumann, M., Ciuffi, C., Dwivedi, K., Roig, G., & Cichy, R. M. (2022) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01302-0 · Cited by 44
“Our results are seemingly at odds with neuropsychological findings showing that patients with ventral lesions performed well on localization tasks 2 .”
Using non-invasive brain interference as a tool for mimicking spatial neglect in healthy volunteers
Sack, A. T. (2010) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2010-0568 · Cited by 42
“…brain imaging studies have consistently revealed the involvement of parietal brain areas during the execution of tasks including a spatial processing component (Haxby et al., 1991; Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994; Cohen et al., 1996; Goebel et al., 1998; Trojano et al., 2000; Sack et al., 2002b; .”
Background
Working Memory in Infancy
Pelphrey, K. A., & Reznick, J. S. (2004) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(03)31005-5 · Cited by 44
Interhemispheric difference in emotional response without awareness
Kimura, Y., Yoshino, A., Takahashi, Y., & Nomura, S. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.06.010 · Cited by 39
“The ventral stream, leading to the temporal association cortices, such as the fusiform and parahippocampal gyri [27], is essential for identification of objects; moreover, objects become more complex and global at higher orders of the stream [28].”
Neural correlates of performance on the different scoring systems of the clock drawing test
Matsuoka, T., Narumoto, J., Shibata, K., Okamura, A., Nakamura, K., Nakamae, T., Yamada, K., Nishimura, T., & Fukui, K. (2010) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.069 · Cited by 41
Mapping of cortical areas involved in color vision in non-human primates
Takechi, H., Onoe, H., Shizuno, H., Yoshikawa, E., Sadato, N., Tsukada, H., & Watanabe, Y. (1997) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00461-8 · Cited by 41
“Moreover, ablation of area V4 in primates did not have a severe effect on color discrimination tasks [14].”
BackgroundInfluential
Category Specific Spatial Dissociations of Parallel Processes Underlying Visual Naming
Conner, C. R., Chen, G., Pieters, T. A., & Tandon, N. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht130 · Cited by 42
Models of overt attention
Geisler, W. S., & Cormack, L. K. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199539789.013.0024 · Cited by 40
Oculomotor Functions of the Parietal Lobe: Effects of Chronic Lesions in Humans
Rafal, R. D. (2006) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70411-8 · Cited by 41
Spatial Representations and Multiple-Visual-Systems Hypotheses: Evidence from a Developmental Deficit in Visual Location and Orientation Processing
McCloskey, M. E. (2004) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70164-3 · Cited by 41
Active Sensing of Visual and Tactile Stimuli by Brain-based Devices
Seth, A. K., McKinstry, J. L., Edelman, G. M., & Krichmar, J. L. (2004) · International Journal of Robotics and Automation · doi:10.2316/journal.206.2004.4.206-2802 · Cited by 40
“The visual system is modelled on the primate ventral visual pathway (in our model V1 V2 V4 IT), in which neurons in successive areas have progressively larger receptive fields [24].”
Spectral Graph Neural Network-Based Multi-Atlas Brain Network Fusion for Major Depressive Disorder Diagnosis
Lee, D.-J., Shin, D.-H., Son, Y.-H., Han, J.-W., Oh, J.-H., Kim, D.-H., Jeong, J.-H., & Kam, T. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2024.3366662 · Cited by 42
“Each brain atlas provides a unique perspective and interpretation of brain organization [23].”
Background
Delayed match to object or place: An event-related fMRI study of short-term stimulus maintenance and the role of stimulus pre-exposure
Schön, K., Tinaz, S., Somers, D. C., & Stern, C. E. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.023 · Cited by 39
“…is in line with the idea of a preferential processing of visuo-spatial information in the dorsal stream in parieto-occipital areas and a preferential processing of visual non-spatial information in the ventral stream in temporal–occipital areas (see Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994, for review).”
Background
First-Person Virtual Embodiment Modulates the Cortical Network that Encodes the Bodily Self and Its Surrounding Space during the Experience of Domestic Violence
de Borst, A. W., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., Slater, M., & de Gelder, B. (2020) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0263-19.2019 · Cited by 46
“, 1999), spatial imagery and perception (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994; Formisano et al., 2002; de Borst et al., 2012), and the generation and guidance of actions (Culham and Kanwisher, 2001).”
Background
Seven Properties of Self-Organization in the Human Brain
Dresp, B. (2020) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc4020010 · Cited by 42
“Current functional brain anatomy suggests areas that form domain-specific hierarchical connections [57,58] on the one hand, and multimodal association areas receiving projections from more widely distributed functional subsystems [59].”
Background
Neural substrates of syntactic mapping treatment: An fMRI study of two cases
Wierenga, C. E., Maher, L. M., MOORE, A. B., White, K. D., McGregor, K., Soltysik, D. A., Peck, K. K., Gopinath, K., Singletary, F. F., Gonzalez‐Rothi, L. J., et al. (2006) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561770606019x · Cited by 40
Visual processing, social cognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia
Brittain, P. J., Ffytche, D. H., McKendrick, A. M., & Surguladze, S. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.09.013 · Cited by 43
“Global motion is determined in cortical area V5/MT (Newsome and Paré, 1988), a dorsal stream area (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
Background

Authors: Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V.
Affiliations: National Institute of Mental Health (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Ungerleider, Leslie G.
Haxby, James V.
Venue: Current Opinion in Neurobiology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1994
Volume: 4
Issue: 2
Pages: 157-165
ISSN: 0959-4388 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0959-4388(94)90066-3
OpenAlex: W1968001820
Semantic Scholar: f555892206c2fd773b6c4d311dc616f9aa3fae23
Cited by: 1,913
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 76
FWCI: 3.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Opinion in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Trento) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
Keywords: ventral stream, dorsal stream, object vision, spatial vision, visual cortex, cortical hierarchy, functional specialization, attention, human brain
MeSH terms: Animals, Attention, Brain, Brain Diseases, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Face, Humans, Primates, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways

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