‘What’ and ‘where’ in the human brain

“Cells in the retina are specialized to process particular forms of electromagnetic energy and the various components of the visual pathway are specialized as well (e.g., Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994 ).”

“…information and can be divided into the ventral (visual) processing stream, known to be involved in object perception and recognition (Ungerleider 1994), and the dorsolateral (motor) system, known to be involved in action execution (regions highlighted in green and brown/yellow,…”

“The existence of separated processing streams has been examined via instructing human subjects to perform object-identity or spatial-localization tasks analogous to the tasks used in monkeys[10,11].”

“For example, it was believed that the organization of visual areas into a dorsal stream, specialized in interpreting information relating to the position of an object, and a ventral stream dedicated to object recognition (Mishkin and Ungerleider, 1982; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994) was exclusively present in primate sp…”

“cortex and is implicated in visuospatial functions including the processing of information about object orientation critical for visually guided actions (Creem and Proffitt, 2001; Goodale and Milner, 1992; Ungerleider Leslie and Mortimer, 1982; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994; Valyear et al., 2006).”

“In addition, the inferior temporal and lateral occipital regions are particularly important for the ventral stream, as the lateral occipital complex, [41, 42] and have been implicated in object recognition and semantic processing [43, 44].”

“The ITG is mainly involved in visual perception (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994) and verbal fluency (Scheff et al.”

“…includes a series of hierarchical processing steps that encode image information content (e.g., object category and identity) increasingly explicitly along the ventral stream cortical areas (Gattass et al. 1990; Ungerleider and Haxby 1994; Miyashita and Hayashi 2000; Reddy and Kanwisher 2006).”

“Task of sustained attention lead to the activation of AAS [ 4 ], showing mostly involvement of frontal, prefrontal, parietal and supplementary motor areas [5].”

“pathway. This is inconsistent with the traditional dichotomy of the 2 pathways ( Ungerleider and Haxby 1994 ).”

“Building upon evidence for the existence of separate dorsal and ventral pathways in the visual system (e.g., Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994; Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982), Landau and Jackendoff theorized that processing spatial language engages the dorsal visual pathway, which is important for…”

“However, the maintenance of durable memory representations of objects is more commonly associated with the ventral visual pathway (Bruce et al., 1981; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994; Riesenhuber and Poggio, 1999; GrillSpector et al., 2001; Erez et al., 2016).”

“Thus, the sylvian gyrus might be especially sensitive to dynamic aspects of visual social cues, analogous to the human lateral temporal pathway areas such as the posterior superior temporal sulcus (e.g., Yang et al., 2015 or Pitcher and Ungerleider, 2021; Wurm and Caramazza, 2022).”

“…both spatial perception (horizontal spatial location) and object recognition (size and configuration) suggests the involvement of the two visual pathways, that is, the dorsal parietal pathway for spatial perception and the ventral temporal pathway for object recognition (Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994).”

“It has been confirmed that visual stimulus processing into a dorsal (occipital– parietal) stream response is used to synthesize spatial and motion information [31,35].”

“Although perceptual pathways are not strictly hierarchical, their higher cortical levels typically show selectivity for increasingly complex stimuli as well as an increasing tolerance to stimulus transformation and increasing response to perceptual category differences (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1…”

“s been dedicated to understanding what aspects of stimuli are represented independently (e.g., Bruce and Young, 1986; Haxby et al., 2000; Kanwisher, 2000; Op de Beeck et al., 2008; Stankiewicz, 2002; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994; Vogels et al., 2001). Independent processing of two stimulus properties is interesting, be…”

“This form of dissociation was originally identified in the macaque monkey (e.g., Merigan and Maunsell, 1993; Wilson et al., 1993), but further studies also support its presence in the human brain (e.g., Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”

“…understood, it has been established that this organization includes connections between the occipital and the frontal lobes (and other areas), routed either through the temporal lobe (the ventral visual stream), or through the parietal lobe (the dorsal visual stream) (Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994).”

“Several occipital areas that have been regarded as the “dorsal visual pathway” [Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994] exhibited the double-peaked activation pattern similar to that in the frontal group.”

“While chromatic and motion information interact at many levels of the visual system, motion and color have provided some of the strongest evidence for separate visual streams, with the pathways carrying these features coursing in parallel through the early visual system, and with motion processed primarily along the d…”

“In those cases, they may confront these situations with varying levels of confidence, tension, fear or tranquility [5], [6], [7].”

“The discovery of multiple pathways in the visual system gave rise to a series of dual visual systems theories, which attribute different functions to the distinct processing streams (Schneider, 1969; Ungerleider and Mishkin, 1982; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”

“In view of that, it is also well established that distinct neural systems may operate with respect to spatial orienting and feature attention (Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994).”

“Neurobiological evidence demonstrates that object recognition in the visual cortex is mediated by the ventral visual pathway [1], which starts from the primary visual cortex V1, continues over the extrastriate visual areas, V2 and V4, to the inferotemporal cortex (IT) and then to prefrontal cortex (PFC) [2– 4].”

“…space is important in both dorsal and ventral streams, a widespread assumption is that any spatial information or spatially selective modulations of ventral areas are derived from inputs from dorsal stream areas (e.g., Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994; Corbetta and Shulman, 2002; Kravitz et al., 2011).”

“They relate these findings to dorsal and ventral sensory pathways described for vision (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994) and audition (Rauschecker, 2009), which provide input to action and cognition-related processes (Milner and Goodale, 2008).”

“These results are in line with the dual-stream hypothesis of visual processing which differentiates between two linked visual projection systems [12].”

“Decades of neuroscience research have associated visual object representation primarily with occipital and temporal regions of the primate brain (Kravitz, Saleem, Baker, Ungerleider, & Mishkin, 2013; Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994; Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982).”

“abstract representations [28, 38, 64]: As one proceeds from one area to the next, the receptive fields of the cells get larger and the complexity of the features they respond to increases.”

“The human visual cortex is organized hierarchically, with relatively distinct anatomical pathways for processing of motion information (dorsal visual pathway) and color information (ventral visual pathway) (Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994; Van Essen & Maunsell, 1983).”

“Spatial stimulus characteristics are thought to be processed within the dorsal visual (e.g., Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994; Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982) or auditory (Maeder et al., 2001; Rauschecker & Tian, 2000) pathway, respectively.”

“, 1996) and the occipital cortex and area MT are known to process visual (movement) information (Rizzolatti and Matelli, 2003; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”

“Prior robotics experiments and simulations showed that: (1) visual place cells can be easily obtained from the merging of ‘what’ and ‘where’ information [we refer to the ‘what’ and ‘where’ visual pathways (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994) for primates, but it looks as if rodents could also perform some detailed visual tas…”

“The identification and distinction of objects in the visual world is dependent on a hierarchical ventral visual pathway (Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994) that runs from primary visual cortex (V1) to extrastriate visual areas (V2 and V4) to the inferotemporal cortex, and is a major source of input to the…”

“The dorsal network is essential for motion and direction processing, and projects superiorly and laterally from the calcarine cortex into the posterior parietal regions, including the intraparietal sulcus, the superior temporal sulcus, the middle temporal gyrus, and the lateral occipital sulcus.(14) Area V5, the regio…”

“…on extrastriate visual processing in both the dorsal and ventral streams, psychophysical measures of global motion and global form perception were obtained using a method of constant stimuli procedure (Clavagnier et al. 2016; Goodale 2011; Goodale and Milner 1992; Ungerleider and Haxby 1994).”

“The University of Texas, 108 E Dean Keeton St, Austin, TX 78712, USA James et al. 2003; Milner and Goodale 2008; Ungerleider and Haxby 1994).”

“According to the known anatomical data, it consists of a hierarchy of bi-directionally linked model areas V1, V2 and V4 (Felleman and van Essen, 1991; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994; Fig.”

“Visual cortical areas appear to be organized mainly into two hierarchically arranged and functionally specialized processing pathways (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994; Van Essen and DeYoe, 1995; Tootell et al., 1996): ‘the Ventral stream’ for perceiving form and color is anatomically organized along the occipitotemporal c…”

“VISUOSPATIAL INFORMATION AND SENSORIMOTOR CONTROL The right parietal region is also important for visuospatial processing and plays a role in the dorsal pathway for visual processing of “where” information (Mishkin et al., 1983; Sergent et al., 1992; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”

“Processing along this ventral pathway endows primates with an ability to recognize objects and scenes [33, 35-37].”

“4/A) are part of the “ventral visual stream” that identifies “what” in the visual 330 field and the “dorsal visual stream” that identifies “where” in the visual field (Milner and Goodale, 331 2008; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”

“17,18 Beyond serving as a behavioral correlate of brain function, visual attention also predicts cognitive and socioemotional outcomes in later infancy and childhood.”

“Perhaps the clearest example here is the carving of a sensory world into what and where (Ungerleider & Haxby 1994). neural hierarchy” (Ibid) (for discussion of simplicity in semantic computation, see Al-Mutairi, 2014; Boškovi´c & Messick, 2017; Collins, 2020; Gallego & Martin, 2018; González…”

“One is the interaction of the visuomotor transformation in the dorsal visual stream and the object recognition in the ventral visual stream [Goodale and Milner, 1992; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994] evoked by the use of objects for daily use.”

“There is evidence that the auditory system, like the visual system, contains separate pathways for processing stimulus identity and location in nonhuman primates (Ungerleider and Mishkin 1982; Ungerleider and Haxby 1994; Poremba et al. 2003).”

“Binding the general location information provided by the dorsal pathway with the appropriate detailed object-specific information provided by the ventral pathway is a significant challenge (Reynolds & Desimone, 1999).”

“…such as color and shape, whereas the occipitoparietal pathway functions for perceiving spatial aspects of stimuli, such as position and motion (Felleman and Van Essen 1991; Rao et al. 2003; Tootell et al. 1996; Ungerleider and Haxby 1994; Valyear et al. 2006; Wang et al. 1999; Wilson et al. 1993).”

“In cats, as in monkeys and humans, visual projections arising from primary visual cortex are organized into two functionally specialized processing pathways leading to visuoparietal and visuotemporal cortices (Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982; Haxby et al., 1993; Payne, 1993; Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994).”

“The early characterization of the two systems referred to " what " (ventral) and " where " (dorsal) streams (Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994; Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982).”