Cited by 1,913Visual perception and processing mechanismsFace Recognition and PerceptionVisual Attention and Saliency Detection

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‘What’ and ‘where’ in the human brain

Ungerleider, Leslie G., Haxby, James V.·1994·Current Opinion in Neurobiology

DOI 10.1016/0959-4388(94)90066-3

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Abstract

Multiple visual areas in the cortex of nonhuman primates are organized into two hierarchically organized and functionally specialized processing pathways, a 'ventral stream' for object vision and a 'dorsal stream' for spatial vision. Recent findings from positron emission tomography activation studies have localized these pathways within the human brain, yielding insights into cortical hierarchies, specialization of function, and attentional mechanisms.

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“(c) Inspired by the two-stream hypothesis of vision [26], we propose a model that is divided into a dorsal and ventral stream: the dorsal stream selects which actions result in good grasps, while the ventral stream selects the class of the object being grasped.”
A structural MRI study in monozygotic twins concordant or discordant for attention/hyperactivity problems: Evidence for genetic and environmental heterogeneity in the developing brain
Ent, D. V. ‘., Lehn, H., Derks, E. M., Hudziak, J. J., van Strien, N. M., Veltman, D. J., de Geus, E. J. C., Todd, R. D., & Boomsma, D. I. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.037 · Cited by 60
“Finally, the anterior temporal lobes are presumed to be higher association areas that regulate access to and binding of perceptual information from different sensory modalities to establish face-object recognition (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
Cortical activation during mental rotation in male-to-female and female-to-male transsexuals under hormonal treatment.
Carrillo, B., Gomez-Gil, E., Rametti, G., Junqué, C., Gómez, Á., Karádi, K., Segovia, S., & Guillamon, A. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.02.010 · Cited by 63
Integration of “what” and “where” in frontal cortex during visual imagery of scenes
de Borst, A. W., Sack, A. T., Jansma, B. M., Esposito, F., Martino, F. D., Valente, G., Roebroeck, A. F., Salle, F. D., Goebel, R., & Formisano, E. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.005 · Cited by 59
“…studies have shown that analogous to the distinction between the ventral “what” and the dorsal “where” cortical processing streams in visual perception (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994), a dichotomy exists between the imagination of objects or scenes versus the imagination of spatial features and…”
Background
Dynamic changes in the functional anatomy of thehuman brain during recall of abstract designs related topractice
Petersson, K. M., Elfgren, C., & Ingvar, M. (1999) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(98)00152-3 · Cited by 59
The emotion–action link? Naturalistic emotional stimuli preferentially activate the human dorsal visual stream
Goldberg, H., Preminger, S., & Malach, R. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.032 · Cited by 58
“In contrast to the ventral stream, showing specialization for recognition processes (Grill-Spector and Malach, 2004; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994), extensive research implicated the dorsal stream in spatial aspects of the stimuli and rapid top-down object processing including emotional evaluation…”
Influential
Dissociation and convergence of the dorsal and ventral visual working memory streams in the human prefrontal cortex
Takahashi, E., Ohki, K., & Kim, D. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.002 · Cited by 59
“This concept of separate representation of different features has been further supported by lesion studies (Goodale and Milner, 1992; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994), electrophysiology studies (Gross et al.”
Result
Interplay Between Visual and Spatial: The Effect of Landmark Descriptions on Comprehension of Route/Survey Spatial Descriptions
Lee, P. U., & Tversky, B. (2005) · Spatial Cognition and Computation · doi:10.1080/13875868.2005.9683802 · Cited by 57
“Brain imaging research has determined that a ventral pathway, including regions of the temporal lobe, is involved in object identification, and a dorsal pathway, including regions of the parietal lobe, is involved in object location (e.g., Ungerleider & Haxby 1994).”
Background
Processing of global form and motion in migraineurs
Ditchfield, J. A., McKendrick, A. M., & Badcock, D. R. (2005) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.09.014 · Cited by 57
Double dissociation in neural correlates of visual working memory: A PET study
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“This activation is coherent with the general visual processes elicited in our mnemonic tasks, including visual cue encoding, visual recognition, object and space perception [4,29,30, 69 ].”
Fast and accurate edge orientation processing during object manipulation
Pruszynski, J. A., Flanagan, J. R., & Johansson, R. S. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.31200 · Cited by 57
Brain abnormalities in Williams syndrome: A review of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging findings
Jackowski, A. P., Rando, K., de Araújo, C. M., Cole, C. G. D., Silva, I., & Lacerda, A. L. T. (2008) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2008.07.002 · Cited by 56
Enabling global processing in simultanagnosia by psychophysical biasing of visual pathways
Thomas, C., Kveraga, K., Huberle, E., Karnath, H., & Bar, M. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws066 · Cited by 56
“However, the ventral visual pathway, which is considered the primary recognition pathway (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994), is typically intact in simultanagnosic patients and yet does not appear to be sufficient for normal global processing.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The influence of a sensitive period for auditory-visual integration in children with cochlear implants
Gilley, P. M., Sharma, A., Mitchell, T. V., & Dorman, M. F. (2010) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2010-0525 · Cited by 57
“The ventral stream, or the “what” pathway, is more active in processing visual form, whereas the dorsal stream, or “where” pathway, is typically associated with visual motion (for review see Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
The emergence of synchrony in networks of mutually inferring neurons
Palacios, E. R., Isomura, T., Parr, T., & Friston, K. J. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42821-7 · Cited by 57
“This segregation is often associated with functional specialisation; for example, the celebrated what and where pathways in the ventral and dorsal streams of the visual hierarchy 25 .”
Background
How vision matters for individuals with hearing loss
Mitchell, T. V., & Maslin, M. C. T. (2007) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1080/14992020701383050 · Cited by 60
“…cortex, with the dorsal ‘where’ stream ultimately projecting to cortical regions along the dorsal surface of the brain, and the ventral ‘what’ stream projecting to cortical regions along the ventral surface of the brain (Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982; Mishkin et al, 1983; Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994).”
Background
Modulation of a brain–behavior relationship in verbal working memory by rTMS
Mottaghy, F. M., Pascual‐Leone, Á., Kemna, L., Töpper, R., Herzog, H. R., Müller‐Gärtner, H., & Krause, B. J. (2003) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(02)00196-9 · Cited by 56
Registering eye movements during reading in Alzheimer’s disease: Difficulties in predicting upcoming words
Fernández, G., Laubrock, J., Mandolesi, P. S., Colombo, O., & Agamennoni, O. E. (2014) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2014.892060 · Cited by 55
“Thus, their opposite relation with fixation duration may offer a probe about higher order memory and lower order visual processes (Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994).”
Background
Deconstructing the default: Cortical subdivision of the default mode/intrinsic system during self‐related processing
Salomon, R., Levy, D. R., & Malach, R. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22268 · Cited by 57
“More recently, the use of different categories within the range of visual objects revealed the presence of cortical specializations for faces, houses, tools, etc. [Grill-Spector and Malach, 2004].”
Background
Mechanisms of object recognition: what we have learned from pigeons
Soto, F. A., & Wasserman, E. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2014.00122 · Cited by 58
“…processing motion and shape (Wang et al., 1993; Shimizu and Bowers, 1999; Laverghetta and Shimizu, 2003; Nguyen et al., 2004; Fredes et al., 2010), which is similar to the organization of the primate thalamofugal pathway and its cortical targets (Mishkin et al., 1983; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
Background
Receptor architecture of visual areas in the face and word-form recognition region of the posterior fusiform gyrus
Caspers, J., Palomero‐Gallagher, N., Caspers, S., Schleicher, A., Amunts, K., & Zilles, K. (2013) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0646-z · Cited by 58
“the clusters of the ventral visual stream (Mishkin et al. 1983; Ungerleider and Haxby 1994) and multimodal association areas of the inferior parietal lobule (Caspers et al.”
Background
Studying the topological organization of the cerebral blood flow fluctuations in resting state
Melie‐García, L., Sanabria-Díaz, G., & Sánchez-Catasús, C. A. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.082 · Cited by 56
“This may reflect the privileged placement of visual processing in the human brain (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
Cortical areas mediating stereopsis in the human brain: a PET study
Fortin, A., Ptito, A., Faubert, J., & Ptito, M. (2002) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200205070-00032 · Cited by 55
Young Infants' Performance in the Object‐Variation Version of the Above‐Below Categorization Task: A Result of Perceptual Distraction or Conceptual Limitation?
Quinn, P. C., Polly, J. L., Furer, M. J., Dobson, V., & Narter, D. B. (2002) · Infancy · doi:10.1207/s15327078in0303_3 · Cited by 55
Developmental differences in infants' use of an object's shape to grasp it securely
Barrett, T. M., & Needham, A. W. (2007) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20280 · Cited by 54
“…object attributes such as shape, color, and texture) was processed by the ventral pathway, and information for an object's location in space (e.g., distance to the observer, distance to other objects) was processed by the dorsal pathway (Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994; Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982).”
Method
Holistic face recognition is an emergent phenomenon of spatial processing in face-selective regions
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White matter integrity and cognition in Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional study
Auning, E., Kjærvik, V. K., Selnes, P., Aarsland, D., Haram, A., Bjørnerud, A., Hessen, E., Esnaashari, A., & Fladby, T. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003976 · Cited by 54
“28 Visual information is processed in two parallel pathways, the ventral occipitotemporal pathway and the dorsal occipitoparietal pathway.(29) Both extend from the primary visual cortex (V1), but the ventral pathway diverges downwards to visual association areas in the inferior temporal region, and the dorsal pathway…”
Background
Reprint of: fMRI studies of successful emotional memory encoding: A quantitative meta-analysis
Murty, V. P., Ritchey, M., Adcock, R. A., & LaBar, K. S. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.031 · Cited by 61
Against Division: Consciousness, Information and the Visual Streams
Wu, W. (2014) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/mila.12056 · Cited by 55
“In response to Milner and Goodale, Ungerleider and Haxby (1994) adduced a systematic study by von Cramon and Kerkhoff (1993) examining patients with lesions in parietal cortex.”
Background
Neurodevelopment of the visual system in typically developing children
Klaver, P., Marcar, V. L., & Martin, E. (2011) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53884-0.00021-x · Cited by 53
The Computational Anatomy of Visual Neglect
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“This component of the visual system has been described as the “ what ” pathway (Ungerleider and Haxby 1994), propagating information concerning stimulus identity to complement the “ where ” information of the dorsal stream.”
Background
Neural mechanisms of cortico–cortical interaction in texture boundary detection: a modeling approach
Thielscher, A., & Heiko Neumann, B. (2003) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.050 · Cited by 53
“The ratio of mean V4 activity for the central bar against mean background activation is depicted. anatomical data (Felleman and van Essen, 1991; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994; Peterhans, 1997), the model consists of three hierarchically organized and bi-directionally linked cortical areas.”
Background

Authors: Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V.
Affiliations: National Institute of Mental Health (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Ungerleider, Leslie G.
Haxby, James V.
Venue: Current Opinion in Neurobiology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1994
Volume: 4
Issue: 2
Pages: 157-165
ISSN: 0959-4388 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0959-4388(94)90066-3
OpenAlex: W1968001820
Semantic Scholar: f555892206c2fd773b6c4d311dc616f9aa3fae23
Cited by: 1,913
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 76
FWCI: 3.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Opinion in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Trento) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
Keywords: ventral stream, dorsal stream, object vision, spatial vision, visual cortex, cortical hierarchy, functional specialization, attention, human brain
MeSH terms: Animals, Attention, Brain, Brain Diseases, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Face, Humans, Primates, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways

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