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‘What’ and ‘where’ in the human brain
Abstract
Multiple visual areas in the cortex of nonhuman primates are organized into two hierarchically organized and functionally specialized processing pathways, a 'ventral stream' for object vision and a 'dorsal stream' for spatial vision. Recent findings from positron emission tomography activation studies have localized these pathways within the human brain, yielding insights into cortical hierarchies, specialization of function, and attentional mechanisms.
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“There is an interesting structure to the anti-edges that speaks to the well known segregation of dorsal and ventral pathways in the visual system (Ungerleider & Haxby 1994): The missing connections are between (i) the superior temporal sulcus and the early visual system, and (ii) the (ventral) superior temporal sulcus/angular gyrus and (dorsal) posterior parietal cortex.”
From Network discovery with DCM (2011) · cites this paper as Ungerleider & Haxby 1994
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“The proposal focuses on similarities between the language processing system and the visual processing system, which is widely understood to contain multiple parallel streams of processing (e.g., dorsal and ventral streams that process object and spatial vision, respectively; Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994 ).”
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“]. These findings therefore suggest that V1 may play a very general role in a variety of nonvisual tasks in the blind. However, a right lingual gyrus peak was the main focus revealed by the analyses in the present study. This cortical region is known to form part of the ventral visual pathway, which is important for i…”
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“Primary sensory processing areas aside, the two networks share many commonalties with the human spatial and nonspatial visual processing findings (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
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“An additional distinction that can be drawn in assessing visual function in ASD is the classic dichotomy between so-called ‘‘where’’ versus ‘‘what’’ processes (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
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“Finally, just as multiple attributes of a stimulus (such as location and identity) are automatically encoded and processed in multiple parallel streams within posterior cortical regions ( Ungerleider and Haxby, 1984 ), perhaps multiple attributes are also automatically processed in parallel streams within anterior WM…”
BackgroundThe Role of Neural Mechanisms of Attention in Solving the Binding Problem
Reynolds, J. H., & Desimone, R. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80819-3 · Cited by 370
Functional imaging of human crossmodal identification and object recognition
Amedi, A., von Kriegstein, K., van Atteveldt, N., Beauchamp, M. S., & Naumer, M. J. (2005) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-005-2396-5 · Cited by 359
“There is a widely accepted notion of two processing streams between early visual areas in the occipital cortex and higher-order processing centers in the temporal and parietal lobes, referred to as the dorsal and ventral streams, respectively (Ungerleider and Haxby 1994).”
BackgroundInformation flow in the auditory cortical network
Hackett, T. A. (2010) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2010.01.011 · Cited by 354
New insights into the functions of the superior temporal cortex
Karnath, H. (2001) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35086057 · Cited by 357
“Traditionally, the ventral pathway from V1 to the inferior temporal cortex was thought to process form, or 'what' an object is, whereas the dorsal stream projecting to the posterior parietal cortex provides information about 'where' an object i”
BackgroundStepwise Connectivity of the Modal Cortex Reveals the Multimodal Organization of the Human Brain
Sepulcre, J., Sabuncu, M. R., Yeo, T. B., Liu, H., & Johnson, K. A. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0759-12.2012 · Cited by 323
“…local modularity and hierarchical connections in sensory cortices (Maunsell and van Essen, 1983; Felleman and Van Essen, 1991; Distler et al., 1993; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994; Sepulcre et al., 2010), as well as integrative association areas that receive widespread projections from distributed…”
BackgroundPulvinar contributions to the dorsal and ventral streams of visual processing in primates
Kaas, J. H., & Lyon, D. C. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.02.008 · Cited by 344
Where is 'where' in the human auditory cortex?
Zatorre, R. J., Bouffard, M. A., Ahad, P. A., & Belin, P. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn904 · Cited by 344
“According to this view, which draws an analogy to a similar organization in the visual cortice”
BackgroundSelective visual-spatial attention alters induced gamma band responses in the human EEG
Gruber, T. (1999) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(99)00176-5 · Cited by 352
“…is thought to be specialized for the analysis of object features (color, shape etc. ± thèwhat' system), and the occipito-parietal or dorsal pathway seems to be specialized for the analysis of motion and the spatial relationship between objects (thèwhere' system; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
BackgroundHerbet, G., Zemmoura, I., & Duffau, H. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00077 · Cited by 296
“Object Recognition In view of the ILF’s cortical endpoints in visual occipital and inferior temporal associative areas, this tract is topographically well located to subserve the so-called ventral visual stream (as opposed to the dorsal visual stream) thought to be critical for object recognition (Ungerleider and Haxb…”
BackgroundExplicit information for category-orthogonal object properties increases along the ventral stream
Hong, H., Yamins, D. L. K., Majaj, N. J., & DiCarlo, J. J. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4247 · Cited by 343
Recognition memory: neuronal substrates of the judgement of prior occurrence
Brown, M. W., & Xiang, J. ‐. (1998) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00002-1 · Cited by 337
“Suzuki, 1996a; Aggleton and Brown, 1998) and human imaging (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994; Fletcher et al., 1995; Grafton, 1995; Buckner and Petersen, 1996; Nyberg et al., 1996; Tulving and Markowitsch, 1997).”
BackgroundHierarchical active inference: A theory of motivated control
Pezzulo, G., Rigoli, F., & Friston, K. J. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.009 · Cited by 334
“, ‘what’ and ‘where’ [39] or ‘what’ and ‘when’ [38]).”
Linden, D. E. J., Bittner, R. A., Muckli, L. F., Waltz, J. A., Kriegeskorte, N., Goebel, R., Singer, W., & Munk, M. H. J. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.021 · Cited by 343
Roskies, A. L. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80817-x · Cited by 347
Seeing, Doing, and Knowing: A Philosophical Theory of Sense Perception
Matthen, M. (2005) · doi:10.1093/0199268509.001.0001 · Cited by 333
Criteria for consciousness in humans and other mammals
Seth, A. K., Baars, B. J., & Edelman, D. B. (2004) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2004.08.006 · Cited by 326
“Conscious allocentricity may also be related to the distinction between ventral and dorsal visual pathways (Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994).”
BackgroundWorking memory for complex figures: An fMRI comparison of letter and fractal n-back tasks
Ragland, J. D., Turetsky, B. I., Gur, R. C., Gunning-Dixon, F., Turner, T., Schroeder, L., Chan, R., & Gur, R. E. (2002) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.16.3.370 · Cited by 327
“The domain specificity model is an extension of primate studies linking object identification (“what”) with a ventral occipitotemporal pathway and spatial perception (“where”) with a dorsal occipitoparietal pathway (Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994; Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982).”
BackgroundAnllo-Vento, L., & Hillyard, S. (1996) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03211875 · Cited by 346
What can mice tell us about how vision works?
Huberman, A. D., & Niell, C. M. (2011) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2011.07.002 · Cited by 341
“An organizing principle of these areas is the notion of a ventral stream carrying information about object identity (the “what” pathway), and a dorsal stream, carrying information about object location (the “where” pathway)[71].”
Converging language streams in the human temporal lobe
Spitsyna, G., Warren, J. E., Scott, S. K., Turkheimer, F. E., & Wise, R. J. S. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0559-06.2006 · Cited by 312
“Analogous auditory and visual pathways have been demonstrated in the human brain (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994; Alain et al., 2001; Scott and Johnsrude, 2003).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 157-165
- ISSN
- 0959-4388 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1968001820
- Semantic Scholar
- f555892206c2fd773b6c4d311dc616f9aa3fae23
- Cited by
- 1,913
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 76
- FWCI
- 3.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Trento) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Keywords
- ventral stream, dorsal stream, object vision, spatial vision, visual cortex, cortical hierarchy, functional specialization, attention, human brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Attention, Brain, Brain Diseases, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Face, Humans, Primates, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways
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