Cited by 1,907Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionAging and Gerontology ResearchOptimism, Hope, and Well-being

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Positive Emotions Broaden and Build

Fredrickson, Barbara L.·2013·Advances in Experimental Social Psychology

DOI 10.1016/b978-0-12-407236-7.00001-2

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The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.218 · Cited by 18,025
Self-citation
Emotion And Adaptation
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“The dependent measure in this study was a covert attentional orienting task, developed by Posner (1980), again administered both at baseline and following the emotion induction.”
Method
Well-being : the foundations of hedonic psychology
Kahneman, D. J., Diener, E. F., & Schwarz, N. (1999) · Cited by 7,472
The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 · Cited by 7,143
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Fredrickson, B. L. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300 · Cited by 6,066
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The Adapted mind : evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture
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Kemper, T. D., & Lazarus, R. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2075902 · Cited by 5,086
The broaden–and–build theory of positive emotions
Fredrickson, B. L. (2004) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1512 · Cited by 4,214
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Garland, E. & Fredrickson, B.L. (in press). Positive emotions, mindfulness, and ACT. In T. B. Kashdan & J. Ciarrochi (Eds.) Linking Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and positive psychology: A practioner's guide to a unifying framework. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.

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BackgroundResult
The awe-prosociality relationship: evidence for the role of context
Ejova, A., Krátký, J., Klocová, E. K., Kundt, R., Cigán, J., Kotherová, S., Bulbulia, J. A., & Gray, R. D. (2021) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2021.1940254 · Cited by 13
“Awe was measured in line with the modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES; Fredrickson, 2013), with participants being asked to indicate, on a scale ranging from (0) “Not at all” to (4) “Completely” the extent to which they were, at that moment, feeling “awe, wonder, or amazement”.”
Method
What Can We Learn From More Than 140,000 Moments of Ecological Momentary Assessment–Assessed Negative Emotion and Ambulatory Blood Pressure? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Joseph, N. T., Chow, E. C., Peterson, L. M., Kamarck, T. W., Clinton, M., & DeBruin, M. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000966 · Cited by 11
“There is also some conceptual and empirical support for the notion that positive emotions may moderate the relationship between negative emotion and ABP by facilitating an “undoing”—or reduction—of the autonomic nervous system activation produced by negative emotions that diminishes their cardiovascular impact (26,27).”
Background
Mytern: an innovative approach to increase students' achievement, sense of wellbeing and levels of resilience
Foster, J. A., Allen, B., Oprescu, F., & McAllister, M. (2014) · USC Research Bank (University of the Sunshine Coast) · Cited by 11
Two simple, brief, naturalistic activities and their impact on positive affect: feeling grateful and eating ice cream
Linley, P. A., Dovey, H., de Bruin, E. A., Transler, C., Wilkinson, J., Maltby, J., & Hurling, R. (2013) · Psychology of Well-Being Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/2211-1522-3-6 · Cited by 11
Emotions in Social Relationships and Their Implications for Health and Disease: Introduction to the Special Issue of Psychosomatic Medicine
Uchino, B. N., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000741 · Cited by 11
Gratitude, Academic Self-Efficacy, and Well-Being Outcomes among Filipino Undergraduate Students
Buenconsejo, J. U., Datu, J. A. D., & Valdez, J. P. M. (2024) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/00110000241238955 · Cited by 10
“These ﬁ ndings are consistent with the basic assumptions of the broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson, 2001, 2013), which highlights the importance of positive emotional states like gratitude in expanding thought-action repertoire and building physical, social, psychological, and other forms of…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Positive spontaneous thoughts reflect incentive salience
Rice, E. L. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/dsqc-ct25 · Cited by 10
An investigation of the concurrent and longitudinal associations between narrative coherence and mental health mediated by social support
Vanaken, L., Bijttebier, P., Fıvush, R., & Hermans, D. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087211068215 · Cited by 10
“Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build.”
BackgroundInfluential
Well-being and mathematics achievement: What is the role of gender, instructional clarity, and parental involvement?
Fadiji, A. W., & Reddy, V. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1044261 · Cited by 17
“Another explanation for the relationship between satisfaction with life and academic achievement is that experiencing such optimal psychological state enables learners to broaden their thought-action repertoire, which is deemed essential for acquiring durable academic resources (Fredrickson, 2013).”
Background
A metatheoretical framework for organizational wellbeing research: Toward conceptual pluralism in the wellbeing debate
Kenttä, P., & Virtaharju, J. (2023) · Organization · doi:10.1177/13505084221145568 · Cited by 15
“The close linkages to evolutionary psychology (e.g., Fredrickson, 2013) have brought positive psychologists to believe both in a generic human nature and an individual nature as explanatory mechanisms (Waterman, 2013).”
Background
An Eye-Tracking Study on the Effects of Displayed Teacher Enthusiasm on Students’ Learning Procedural Knowledge of Chemistry in Video Lectures
Huangfu, Q., Li, H., Ban, Y., & He, J. (2024) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00498 · Cited by 10
Who’s the Happiest and Why? The role of passion and self-regulation in psychological well-being
Vallerand, R. J., Robichaud, J., Rahimi, S., & Bélanger, J. J. (2024) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-024-10069-y · Cited by 12
Dogs as a gateway to the good life: using thematic analysis to explore the mechanisms underpinning dog ownership and human well-being
Lea, C., Kirby, Y., & Tilley, J. (2024) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1080/14780887.2024.2364330 · Cited by 10
“Increases in positive emotions, even temporarily, have been found to have an upward spiral effect and increase the social support received from others (Fredrickson 2013; Fredrickson, Cohn, and Coffey 2008).”
Convergence of online flow and AI-enabled services: the impact on awe experience in e-tail customer journeys
Pandey, P. K., Dhaliwal, A. K., & Pandey, P. K. (2024) · The International Review of Retail Distribution and Consumer Research · doi:10.1080/09593969.2024.2374365 · Cited by 13
“…services on shoppers’ satisfaction by exploring the phenomenological changes resulting from positive emotional experiences, focusing on the concept of ‘awe’ and its ability to trigger a multisystem response that reinterprets stimuli (Fredrickson 1998; 2013; Seligman and Csíkszentmihalyi 2000).”
The effects of listening on speaker and listener while talking about character strengths: an open science school-wide collaboration
Moin, T., Weinstein, N., Itzchakov, G., Branson, A., Law, B., Yee, L. T. S., Pape, E., Cheung, R. Y. M., Haffey, A., Chakrabarti, B., et al. (2024) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.221342 · Cited by 11
The double‐edged sword effect of leader humor on employee thriving at work
Xu, A. J., Wang, L., & Sun, F. (2024) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12593 · Cited by 10
Exploring how the Practice of Gratitude can Strengthen Interpersonal Relationships, Enhance Mental Well-being, Foster Emotional Resilience, and Promote greater Social Connectedness and Cooperation
Basit, A., Ali, R., Rahman, S., & Shah, A. A. (2024) · Review of Education, Administration & Law · doi:10.47067/real.v7i4.395 · Cited by 13
“By encouraging people to appreciate the contributions of others and recognize shared humanity, gratitude bridges divides and fosters understanding across cultural and social boundaries (Fredrickson, 2013).”
Influential
Empathetic creativity as a ‘shield’: A dual-path study of the impact of artificial intelligence usage on employee work outcomes
Jiao, Y., Huang, Y., Wen, T., & OuYang, M. (2025) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104301 · Cited by 11
Shifts in attentional scope modulate event-related potentials evoked by reward
Nadig, A., Kelley, N. J., Pornpattananangkul, N., Glazer, J. E., & Nusslock, R. (2019) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-019-00705-3 · Cited by 11
The Spiritual Heart
Anderson, M. R. (2020) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel11100506 · Cited by 15
Variety is the spice of life: How emotional diversity is associated with better student engagement and achievement
King, R. B., & Frondozo, C. E. (2021) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12436 · Cited by 10
Emotion Dynamics in Intimate Relationships: The Roles of Interdependence and Perceived Partner Responsiveness
Sels, L., Reis, H. T., Randall, A. K., & Verhofstadt, L. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82965-0_8 · Cited by 16
How Does Search for Meaning Lead to Presence of Meaning for Korean Army Soldiers? The Mediating Roles of Leisure Crafting and Gratitude
Lim, J. I., Yu, J. J., & Sohn, Y. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766798 · Cited by 12
Feeling grateful to be optimistic: The influence of recalling special moments on feelings of gratitude and optimism during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Puente-Díaz, R., & Cavazos-Arroyo, J. (2022) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12830 · Cited by 14
Having the will, finding the ways, and wishes for the future: A model of relational hope and well‐being
Shimshock, C. J., & Le, B. M. (2022) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12697 · Cited by 11
“Specifically, feelings of hopefulness and envisioning future achievements are said to broaden the thought-action repertoire by planning for a better future (Fredrickson, 2013).”
Background
Kindness in short supply: Evidence for inadequate prosocial input
Abel, J. E., Vani, P., Abi-Esber, N., Blunden, H., & Schroeder, J. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101458 · Cited by 10
What makes early adults feel loved? Cultural consensus of felt love experiences in early adulthood
Ellis, O., Heshmati, S., & Oravecz, Z. (2022) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2022.2158086 · Cited by 11
“The scenarios were derived from research and theories on love (Feeney, 2004; Fredrickson, 2013; Gable et al., 2004; Hendrick & Hendrick, 2006; Reis et al., 2004) as well as input from focus groups composed of laypeople.”
Method
The role of the personal relevance of images in retrieving autobiographical memories for emotion regulation: A randomized controlled trial study
Fernández‐Pérez, D., Ros, L., & Latorre, J. M. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04582-5 · Cited by 11
“Thus, the more positive these feelings, the more valuable they are as an emotion regulation strategy (Fredrickson, 2013).”

Authors: Fredrickson, B. L.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
Corresponding author: Fredrickson, Barbara L.
ORCID: Fredrickson, Barbara L.
Venue: Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier
Published: 2013
Pages: 1-53
ISSN: 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407236-7.00001-2
OpenAlex: W186242951
Semantic Scholar: 7fd5b875db8f035e4876d760a2ee425a445f946f
Cited by: 1,907
References: 170
Citations by year: 2026: 138 · 2025: 212 · 2024: 244 · 2023: 237 · 2022: 209 · 2021: 208 · 2020: 149 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 99 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 11
FWCI: 190.97
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
Keywords: broaden-and-build theory, positive emotions, physiological measures of emotion, biological resources, clinical application, organizational applications, love, positivity resonance

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