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Positive Emotions Broaden and Build
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“prior research suggesting that both positive affect (e.g. Fredrickson, 2013; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005) and negative affect (e.g. Keltner & Kring, 1998) contribute to social connections, and that positive affect may especially so (see Clark & Watson, 1988; Watson, Clark, McIntyre, & Hamaker, 1992; Taylor, Pearlstein et al., 2017; Taylor, Pearlstein, & Stein, 2020).”
From Enhancing social connectedness in anxiety and depression through amplification of positivity: Preliminary treatment outcomes and process of change (2020) · cites this paper as Fredrickson, 2013
In the citing paper
“Positive emotions promote openness to new experiences and increased exploratory behavior”
From The affective tie that binds: Examining the contribution of positive emotions and anxiety to relationship formation in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Fredrickson, 2013
In the citing paper
“The role of positive emotions in facilitating social connections is well-documented (Fredrickson, 2013; Fredrickson et al., 2008; Gable & Berkman, 2008; Kok et al., 2013; Ramsey & Gentzler, 2015; Strong & Aron, 2006).”
From The affective tie that binds: Examining the contribution of positive emotions and anxiety to relationship formation in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Fredrickson, 2013
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Garland, E. & Fredrickson, B.L. (in press). Positive emotions, mindfulness, and ACT. In T. B. Kashdan & J. Ciarrochi (Eds.) Linking Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and positive psychology: A practioner's guide to a unifying framework. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.
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Autonomic nervous system activity during positive emotions: a meta-analytic review
Behnke, M., Kreibig, S. D., Kaczmarek, L. D., Assink, M., & Gross, J. J. (2022) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/17540739211073084 · Cited by 60
“Within positive emotions, several theories have focused on the functions of psychophysiological emotional responding, namely undoing (or soothing) of sympathetic reactivity to stress (Fredrickson & Levenson, 1998; Fredrickson et al., 2000; Fredrickson, 2013; Levenson, 1988, 1999; Porges, 2011), and approach-avoidance…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialChen, C., Zhang, J., Tian, H., & Bu, X. (2022) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-12-2021-0977 · Cited by 56
The Future of Health Promotion in the 21st Century
Edington, D. W., Schultz, A. B., Pitts, J. S., & Camilleri, A. J. (2015) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827615605789 · Cited by 56
Cameron, D. S., Bertenshaw, E. J., & Sheeran, P. (2014) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2014.923164 · Cited by 60
A standardised database of Chinese emotional film clips
Ge, Y., Zhao, G., Zhang, Y., Houston, R. J., & Song, J. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1530197 · Cited by 55
Stanley, P. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2022) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100979 · Cited by 61
Prinzing, M., Nguyen, K. D. L., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2023) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000418 · Cited by 64
Self-citationDong, R., & Ni, S. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294119826884 · Cited by 61
Coffey, J. K., & Warren, M. T. (2020) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-020-09825-7 · Cited by 64
“The skills and resources associated with positive affect can be adaptive long after the affect has faded (e.g., Fredrickson 2013) or the self has evolved.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKaltiainen, J., Lipponen, J., Fugate, M., & Vakola, M. (2019) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000163 · Cited by 62
Fredrickson, B. L., Arizmendi, C., & Cappellen, P. V. (2020) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2020.1778696 · Cited by 54
“, & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). In search of durable positive psychology interventions: Predictors and consequences of long-term positive behavior change. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(5), 355–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.508883 Cohn, M. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A., & Conwa…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationExploring a Structural Model of Teaching Enjoyment, Teacher Self-Efficacy, and Work Engagement
Xiao, Y., Fathi, J., & Mohammaddokht, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.918488 · Cited by 68
“Positive emotions, according to this theory (Fredrickson, 1998, 2013), aid learners in expanding their thought-action repertoire as well as forming the intellectual, physical, psychological, and social resources required for their prospective development.”
BackgroundHappy classes make happy students: Classmates' well-being predicts individual student well-being
King, R. B., & Datu, J. A. D. (2017) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2017.07.004 · Cited by 63
Burnout from emotion regulation at work: The moderating role of gratitude
Guan, B., & Jepsen, D. M. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109703 · Cited by 63
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Leger, K. A., Charles, S. T., & Almeida, D. M. (2019) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-019-00001-w · Cited by 62
“Multiple studies have provided support for the broaden-and-build theory (for a review, see Fredrickson, 2013).”
BackgroundChawla, V., Lyngdoh, T., Guda, S., & Purani, K. (2020) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-07-2019-0322 · Cited by 61
Mohandas, N. P., Joseph, G., & Donald, W. E. (2021) · Higher Education Skills and Work-based Learning · doi:10.1108/heswbl-01-2021-0004 · Cited by 62
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The buffering effect of awe on negative affect towards lost possessions
Koh, A. H. Q., Tong, E. M. W., & Yuen, A. Y. L. (2017) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2017.1388431 · Cited by 60
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Fractal dimension of EEG signals and heart dynamics in discrete emotional states
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Peace of mind and anxiety in the waking state are related to the affective content of dreams
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Fine-grained facial expression analysis using dimensional emotion model
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“According to broaden-build theory, positive emotions can also expand and deepen individuals’ awareness, which brings more attention to the future (e.g., Fredrickson, 1998; Fredrickson, 2013; Junot et al., 2017).”
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Mediating effects of loneliness on the gratitude-health link
O’Connell, B. H., O’Shea, D. E., & Gallagher, S. M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.042 · Cited by 55
Changes in Emotions from Childhood to Young Adulthood
Martin‐Krumm, C., Fenouillet, F., Csillik, A. S., Kern, L., Besançon, M., Heutte, J., Paquet, Y., Delas, Y., Trousselard, M., Lecorre, B., et al. (2017) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-016-9440-9 · Cited by 52
Teleological explanation and positive emotion serially mediate the effect of religion on well‐being
Ramsay, J. E., Tong, E. M. W., Chowdhury, A., & Ho, M. R. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12425 · Cited by 63
Shifting focus: The influence of affective diversity on team creativity
Emich, K. J., & Vincent, L. C. (2019) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.10.002 · Cited by 55
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Some Video Games Can Increase the Player's Creativity
Moffat, D. C., Crombie, W., & Аркадьевна, Ш. О. (2017) · International Journal of Game-Based Learning · doi:10.4018/ijgbl.2017040103 · Cited by 51
Resilience in the face of adversity in adults with an intellectual disability: A literature review
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Yang, K., Yan, W., Jia, N., Wang, Q., & Kong, F. (2020) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2020.1818812 · Cited by 60
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“Positive emotions include joy, interest, contentment, love, pride, gratitude, hope, amusement, inspiration, and awe (Fredrickson 1998, 2001, 2013).”
impact of supplementary short rest breaks on task performance – A meta-analysis
Wendsche, J., Lohmann-Haislah, A., & Wegge, J. (2016) · sozialpolitik ch · doi:10.18753/2297-8224-75 · Cited by 51
“Research on the Broaden-and-BuiltTheory of Positive Emotions (Fredrickson 2013) suggests that positive emotions improve well-being, attention, recovery from strain, and task performance.”
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Parada, S., & Verlhiac, J. (2021) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2021.1917519 · Cited by 57
“These positive affects, defined as feeling happy, grateful, or as appraising one’s current circumstances as being interesting (Fredrickson, 2013) – which would in our framework be caused by the endorsement of a growth mindset – were found to be positively correlated with proactive coping strategies…”
ResultMead, J., Fisher, Z., Tree, J. J., Wong, P. T. P., & Kemp, A. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647951 · Cited by 60
“One key theoretical basis for this is the “broaden-and-build” theory which highlights pathways through which positive emotions can improve wellbeing (Fredrickson, 2001, 2013).”
BackgroundRimé, B., & Páez, D. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221146388 · Cited by 76
“Note that positive affect, in turn, enhances altruism, prosocial behavior, and cooperation (Eisenberg, 1991; Fredrickson, 2013).”
BackgroundMeasures of empathy and compassion: A scoping review
Vieten, C., Rubanovich, C. K., Khatib, L. A., Sprengel, M. L., Tanega, C., Polizzi, C. P., Vahidi, P., Malaktaris, A. L., Chu, G. M., Lang, A. J., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297099 · Cited by 66
The unique nature and psychosocial implications of awe
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Self-citationA Normalization Framework for Emotional Attention
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Positive affective functioning in anhedonic individuals’ daily life
Heininga, V. E., van Roekel, E., Ahles, J. J., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Mezulis, A. H. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.029 · Cited by 49
Volition und kognitive Kontrolle
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The Eudaimonics of Positive Emotions
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Self-citationWhat does it mean to feel loved: Cultural consensus and individual differences in felt love
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Enabling Positive Change: Flow and Complexity in Daily Experience
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Transitional Age Youth and College Mental Health
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West, T. N., Nguyen, K. D. L., Zhou, J., Prinzing, M., Wells, J. L., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2021) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-021-00035-z · Cited by 47
“An offshoot of broaden-and-build theory (1998, for a review, see Fredrickson, 2013), the positivity resonance theory of co-experienced positive affect holds that positive affect collectively experienced between and among individuals can build such resources to a greater degree than positive affect…”
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“…learning, this theory explains how positive experiences contribute to sustained enjoyment, reduced anxiety, and a greater WTC. Positive experiences can foster a positive emotional state, making learners more receptive to communication opportunities (Dewaele and MacIntyre 2014; Fredrickson 2013).”
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Positive Psychology in Lifestyle Medicine and Health Care: Strategies for Implementation
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Self-citationA taxonomy of positive emotions
Keltner, D. J., & Cowen, A. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.04.013 · Cited by 54
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“It also points to the emotional, spiritual and religious dimensions (Fredrickson 2002, 2013; Farran et al. 1995; Pruyser 1986; Scioli and Biller 2009; Vaillant 2008) and the culture specific character of hope (Averill et al. 1990; Averill and Sundararajan 2005).”
BackgroundLi, J. Y., Huang, J.-H., Hu, Z., & Zhao, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.794201 · Cited by 48
“According to the Broaden-and-Build Theory, gratitude is one of the most representative positive emotions that can expand an individual’s thinking and cognitive scope; thus, constructing lasting psychological resources (e.g., resilience, optimism, etc.) (Fredrickson, 2004, 2013).”
MethodResultHow Enrichment Affects Exploration Trade-Offs in Rats: Implications for Welfare and Well-Being
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“The different patterns for positive and negative emotions have also been demonstrated in previous research on teachers’ emotional experiences (e.g., Lavy and Eshet, 2018) and may reflect the bias and higher intensity of negative emotional reactions (e.g., Fredrickson, 2013).”
ResultAvry, S., Chanel, G., Bétrancourt, M., & Molinari, G. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106267 · Cited by 53
Big Five personality traits, dispositional affect, and financial satisfaction among older adults
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Psychological capital drives optimal engagement via positive emotions in work and school contexts
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Positive affect and its association with viral control among women with HIV infection.
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Subjective Happiness and Compassion Are Enough to Increase Teachers’ Work Engagement?
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To Help or To Harm? Assessing the Impact of Envy on Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors
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“One possible explanation for the hypothesized effect is that positive emotions engender a broader focus of attention, whereas negative emotions engender a narrower focus (Fredrickson, 2013; Fredrickson & Branigan, 2005; but see Harmon-Jones et al., 2013).”
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“Happiness was applied as positive emotion condition based upon numerous experiments have showed that happiness experience reflect an urge to share a laugh to build and solidify enduring social bonds with others (Fredrickson, 2013; Fine and Corte, 2017; Smirnov et al., 2019).”
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Effect of sincere social interaction on tourist inspiration: an affective events theory framework
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Of Passions and Positive Spontaneous Thoughts
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Anhedonia in Anxiety Disorders
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Short-Term Effects of Video-Games on Cognitive Enhancement: the Role of Positive Emotions
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Unifying Psychology and Experiential Education
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“Positive affect includes brief and multidimensional affective responses to events or changes in the environment and is based on the individual‘s interpretation of these events or contexts [16,17].”
BackgroundTaylor, C. T., Pearlstein, S. L., & Stein, M. B. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.041 · Cited by 38
Adolescent Attachment Profiles Are Associated With Mental Health and Risk-Taking Behavior
Flykt, M., Vänskä, M., Punamäki, R.-L., Heikkilä, L., Tiitinen, A., Poikkeus, P., & Lindblom, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.761864 · Cited by 39
“The theory of broadening and building positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2013; Mikulincer and Shaver, 2020) may explain developmental dynamics underlying the ”All secure” profile.”
BackgroundTeacher Emotional Competence: A Conceptual Model
Savina, E., Fulton, C., & Beaton, C. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10018-2 · Cited by 90
“Teachers can induce positive emotions after emotionally challenging situations (e.g., an exam) to undo the effects of negative emotions (Fredrickson, 2013).”
Ramakrishnan, J. L., Garside, R. B., Labella, M. H., & Klimes‐Dougan, B. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01528-z · Cited by 45
Metadata
- Authors
- Fredrickson, B. L.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fredrickson, Barbara L.
- Venue
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2013
- Pages
- 1-53
- ISSN
- 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W186242951
- Semantic Scholar
- 7fd5b875db8f035e4876d760a2ee425a445f946f
- Cited by
- 1,907
- References
- 170
- Citations by year
- 2026: 138 · 2025: 212 · 2024: 244 · 2023: 237 · 2022: 209 · 2021: 208 · 2020: 149 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 99 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 11
- FWCI
- 190.97
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- broaden-and-build theory, positive emotions, physiological measures of emotion, biological resources, clinical application, organizational applications, love, positivity resonance
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