Magnesium and the Inflammatory Response: Potential Physiopathological Implications
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize experimental findings showing that magnesium modulates cellular events involved in inflammation. Experimental magnesium deficiency in the rat induces after a few days a clinical inflammatory syndrome characterized by leukocyte and macrophage activation, release of inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins, excessive production of free radicals. Increase in extracellular magnesium concentration, decreases inflammatory response while reduction in the extracellular magnesium results in cell activation. Because magnesium acts as a natural calcium antagonist, the molecular basis for inflammatory response is probably the result of modulation of intracellular calcium concentration. The priming of phagocytic cells, the opening calcium channel and activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkappaB) have been considered as potential mechanisms. Moreover, magnesium deficiency induces a systemic stress response by activation of neuro endocrinological pathways. As nervous and immune systems interact bidirectionally, the roles of neuromediators have also been considered. Magnesium deficiency contributes to an exaggerated response to immune stress and oxidative stress is the consequence of the inflammatory response. Inflammation contributes to the pro-atherogenic changes in lipoprotein metabolism, endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis, hypertension and explains the aggravating effect of magnesium deficiency on the development of metabolic syndrome. Further studies are still needed to assess more accurately the role of magnesium in immune response in humans, but these experimental findings in animal models suggest that inflammation is the missing link to explain the role of magnesium in many pathological conditions.
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In animals, a long-term magnesium-deficient diet disrupts redox balance and homeostasis, increases inflammation, and exacerbates development and progression of aging-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes.
“Accordingly, animal studies have confirmed that a long-term Mg-deficient diet disrupts the redox balance and homeostasis and increases inflammation, consequently exacerbating the development and progression of aging-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, or diabetes [420,446].”
From The Role of Antioxidants in the Interplay between Oxidative Stress and Senescence (2022) · cites this paper as [446]
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The Role of Antioxidants in the Interplay between Oxidative Stress and Senescence
Varesi, A., Chirumbolo, S., Campagnoli, L. I. M., Pierella, E., Piccini, G. B., Carrara, A., Ricevuti, G., Scassellati, C., Bonvicini, C., & Pascale, A. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11071224 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
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Mahboobi, S., Ghasvarian, M., Ghaem, H., Alipour, H., Alipour, S., & Eftekhari, M. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1018357 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Harahap, I. A., Salem, O., Fahmi, R. L., Ahmed, N., Leciejewska, N., & Suliburska, J. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17182917 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mazur, A., Maier, J. A. M., Rock, E., Gueux, E., Nowacki, W., & Rayssiguier, Y.
- Affiliations
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine (FR)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Mazur, Andrzej
- Venue
- Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 458
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 48-56
- ISSN
- 0003-9861 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2093267247
- Cited by
- 474
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 9.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Magnesium in Health and Disease
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Magnesium Alloys: Properties and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Magnesium Oxide Properties and Applications
- Keywords
- magnesium, hypomagnesemia, inflammation, calcium channel blockade, intracellular calcium, NMDA receptor, NF-κB, macrophage activation, leukocyte activation, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, neuroendocrine stress response, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis, hypertension
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Inflammation, Magnesium
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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