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Language selection in bilingual speech: Evidence for inhibitory processes
Open accessAbstract
Although bilinguals rarely make random errors of language when they speak, research on spoken production provides compelling evidence to suggest that both languages are active when only one language is spoken (e.g., [Poulisse, N. (1999). Slips of the tongue: Speech errors in first and second language production. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins]). Moreover, the parallel activation of the two languages appears to characterize the planning of speech for highly proficient bilinguals as well as second language learners. In this paper, we first review the evidence for cross-language activity during single word production and then consider the two major alternative models of how the intended language is eventually selected. According to language-specific selection models, both languages may be active but bilinguals develop the ability to selectively attend to candidates in the intended language. The alternative model, that candidates from both languages compete for selection, requires that cross-language activity be modulated to allow selection to occur. On the latter view, the selection mechanism may require that candidates in the nontarget language be inhibited. We consider the evidence for such an inhibitory mechanism in a series of recent behavioral and neuroimaging studies.
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“The verbal fluency task was completed in single-language blocks with the dominant language of the participant performed first to control for language order effects (Kroll et al. 2008).”
From What Heritage Bilinguals Tell Us about the Language of Emotion (2022) · cites this paper as Kroll et al. 2008
In the citing paper
“fluent bilinguals show some measure of activation of both languages and some interaction between them at all times, even in contexts that are entirely driven by only one of the languages.”
From Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain (2012) · cites this paper as [51]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C., Misra, M., & Guo, T.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Beijing Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Kroll, Judith F.
- Venue
- Acta Psychologica
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 128
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 416-430
- ISSN
- 0001-6918 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2585366
- OpenAlex
- W2099850229
- Cited by
- 535
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 7.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Acta Psychologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (F33HD055003, R56HD053146, R01HD053146)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Keywords
- bilingual speech, language choice, inhibitory processes, language transfer, competition model, speech production, second language learners, spoken word production
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Choice Behavior, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Language, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psycholinguistics, Vocabulary, Multilingualism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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