Should I stay or should I switch? A cost-benefit analysis of voluntary language switching in young and aging bilinguals

Gollan, Tamar H.; Ferreira, Victor S.

doi:10.1037/a0014981

Cited by 485Neurobiology of Language and BilingualismLanguage Development and DisordersCategorization, perception, and language

Should I stay or should I switch? A cost-benefit analysis of voluntary language switching in young and aging bilinguals

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Gollan, Tamar H., Ferreira, Victor S.·2009·Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition

DOI 10.1037/a0014981PMC PMC2864120

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Abstract

Bilinguals spontaneously switch languages in conversation even though laboratory studies reveal robust cued language switching costs. The authors investigated how voluntary-switching costs might differ when switches are voluntary. Younger (Experiments 1-2) and older (Experiment 3) Spanish-English bilinguals named pictures in 3 conditions: (a) dominant-language only, (b) nondominant-language only, and (c) using "whatever language comes to mind" (in Experiment 2, "using each language about half the time"). Most bilinguals, particularly balanced bilinguals, voluntarily mixed languages even though switching was costly. Unlike with cued switching, voluntary switching sometimes facilitated responses, switch costs were not greater for the dominant language, and age effects on language mixing and switching were limited. This suggests that the freedom to mix languages voluntarily allows unbalanced and older bilinguals to function more like balanced and younger bilinguals. Voluntary switch costs reveal an expanded role for inhibitory control in bilingual language production and imply a mandatory separation by language in bilingual lexical selection.

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Bilinguals display consistent deficits on verbal fluency measures, especially semantic fluency, even if they may answer in either language.
“Performance on these tasks reveals systematic deficits for bilingual participants, particularly in semantic fluency conditions [33–37], even if responses can be provided in either language [38].”
From Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain (2012) · cites this paper as [38]

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Authors: Gollan, T. H., & Ferreira, V. S.
Affiliations: University of California System (US)
ORCID: Gollan, Tamar H.
Ferreira, Victor S.
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2009
Volume: 35
Issue: 3
Pages: 640-665
ISSN: 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
1939-1285
DOI: 10.1037/a0014981
PMC: PMC2864120
OpenAlex: W1990859675
Cited by: 485
References: 87
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 6.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD050287)
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC00191)
National Institutes of Health (R01 HD051030, P50 AG05131)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
Keywords: bilingual speech production, switch costs, age effects, Spanish-English bilinguals, code-mixing, inhibitory control, word choice, balanced bilingualism, picture naming
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Attention, Choice Behavior, Cues, Female, Humans, Language Development, Male, Middle Aged, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Reaction Time, Semantics, Verbal Learning, Volition, Multilingualism, Young Adult

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Should I stay or should I switch? A cost-benefit analysis of voluntary language switching in young and aging bilinguals

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