Efficiency and optimal load capacity of E-Fuel-Based energy storage systems
Open accessAbstract
This work evaluates the effectiveness of chemical-based solutions for storing large amounts of renewable electricity. Four “Power-to-X-to-Power” pathways are examined, comprising hydrogen, methane, methanol, and ammonia as energy carriers. The pathways are assessed using a model scenario, where they are produced with electricity from an onshore wind farm, stored in suitable facilities, and then reconverted to electricity to meet the energy demand of a chemical site. An energy management and storage capacity estimation tool is used to calculate the annual load coverage resulting from each pathway. All four pathways offer a significant increase in load coverage compared to a scenario without storage solution (56.19%). The hydrogen-based pathway has the highest load coverage (71.88%) and round-trip efficiency (36.93%), followed by the ammonia-based (69.62%,31.37%), methanol-based (67.85%,27.00%), and methane-based (67.64%,26.47%, respectively) pathways. The substantially larger storage capacity required for gaseous energy carriers to ensure a steady supply to the consumer could be a decisive factor. The hydrogen pathway requires a storage volume up to 10.93 times larger than ammonia and 16.87 times larger than methanol. Notably, ammonia and methanol, whose load coverages are only 2.26 and 4.03 percentage points lower than that of hydrogen, offer the possibility of implementing site-specific storage solutions, avoiding potential bottlenecks due to limited pipeline and cavern capacities.
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Production of e-Fuels can enhance the utilization of variable renewable energy by absorbing surplus electricity that might otherwise be curtailed, contributing to grid stability.
“The production of e-Fuels can thus enhance the utilization of variable renewable energy by absorbing surplus electricity that might otherwise be curtailed, contributing to grid stability [278].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [278]
Section 4.1.2 (page unavailable) says storage can shift surplus wind energy to periods of deficit and may relieve stress on the power grid; Section 4.2 describes e-fuel-based storage pathways. The paper does not establish that the surplus electricity would otherwise be curtailed: its scenario feeds excess electricity into the grid. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe production of e-hydrogen is strategically justifiable when utilizing surplus renewable electricity that might otherwise be curtailed, thereby enhancing grid stability and maximizing the use of variable energy sources.
“The production of e-hydrogen is strategically justifiable when utilizing surplus renewable electricity that might otherwise be curtailed, thereby enhancing grid stability and maximizing the use of variable energy sources [277,278].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [278]
Section 4.1.2 (page unavailable) says storing surplus wind electricity for later use may relieve stress on the power grid, and Section 4.2 identifies hydrogen as one of the storage pathways studied. The paper does not establish that the surplus electricity would otherwise be curtailed; in its modeled case, excess electricity is fed into the grid. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Tsiklios, C., Schneider, S., Hermesmann, M., & Müller, T. E.
- Affiliations
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Müller, Thomas E.
- Venue
- Advances in Applied Energy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-06
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 100140
- ISSN
- 2666-7924 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4366779654
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 2.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Advances in Applied Energy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Dokumentenrepositorium der RUB (Ruhr University Bochum) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- RWE Power
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- North Rhine-Westphalia State Ministry of Economy Innovation Digitization and Energy (IRR-2018-1)
- Fakultät für Maschinenbau,Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Integrated Energy Systems Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Power Systems and Renewable Energy
- Keywords
- power-to-X, renewable electricity storage, hydrogen storage, ammonia, methanol, methane, round-trip efficiency, load coverage, energy storage capacity, onshore wind energy, chemical energy carriers
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