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Time invariance of three ultra-brief internet-related instruments: Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), and the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale- Short Form (IGDS-SF9) (Study Part B)
Abstract
Given the many technological advances over the past two decades, a small minority of young people are at risk of problematic use or becoming addicted to these technologies (including activities on the internet and smartphones). Many brief psychometric scales have been developed to assess those at risk of problematic use or addiction including the six-item Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale [SABAS], the six-item Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale [BSMAS], and the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form [IGDS-SF9]). However, to date, the reproducibility of these three scales has only been examined over a short period of time (e.g., two weeks), and it is unclear whether they are time invariant across a longer period (e.g., three months). Given the emergence of internet and smartphone addiction in Chinese population, the present study translated the three instruments into Chinese and recruited 640 university students (304 from Hong Kong [99 males] and 336 from Taiwan [167 males]) to complete the three scales twice (baseline and three months after baseline). Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) was applied to examine the time invariance. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the relative reliability, and the percentage of smallest real difference (SRD%) was utilized to explore the absolute reliability for the three scales. MGCFA showed that all three scales were time invariant across three months. ICC demonstrated that all the scales were satisfactory in reproducibility (0.82 to 0.94), and SRD% indicated that all the scales had acceptable measurement noise (23.8 to 29.4). In conclusion, the short, valid, reliable, and easy-to-use Chinese SABAS, BSMAS, and IGDS-SF9 show good properties across periods of three months.
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“Prevalence rate of social media addiction (22.8%) lies within the literature reported prevalence of the used instrument (BSMAS), since Chen et al. [10] specify < 10–40% for the BSMAS.”
From Social media addiction: associations with attachment style, mental distress, and personality (2024) · cites this paper as Chen et al. [10]
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“The scale was repeatedly reported with high internal consistency, e.g., α = 0.97 [46] and α = 0.82 (at baseline) plus α = 0.86 (at follow-up) [10].”
From Social media addiction: associations with attachment style, mental distress, and personality (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Chen et al. [10] confirm the single-factor structure of the scale, report only medium correlations with scales close to the construct (SABAS/smartphone addiction, IGDS-SF9/internet gaming disorder, r =.06 and 0.42), and showed invariance across three months among young adults.”
From Social media addiction: associations with attachment style, mental distress, and personality (2024) · cites this paper as Chen et al. [10]
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“Some young people face problems using these technologies or the risk of becoming addicted to them (4).”
BackgroundResultChen, I.-H., Pakpour, A. H., Leung, H., Potenza, M. N., Su, J.-A., Lin, C.-Y., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00023 · Cited by 213
“Therefore, the present study takes the similar view to Chen et al. (2020) that applications on smartphones can be a source of problematic behavior among a minority of individuals.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationLi, L., Niu, Z., Mei, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107086 · Cited by 219
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Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, I.-H., Strong, C., Lin, Y.-C., Tsai, M.-C., Leung, H., Lin, C.-Y., Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Qufu Normal University (CN)
- National Cheng Kung University Hospital (TW)
- National Taipei University of Education (TW)
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
- Qazvin University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Nottingham Trent University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lin, Chung-Ying
- ORCID
- Venue
- Addictive Behaviors
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 101
- Pages
- 105960
- ISSN
- 0306-4603 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2937637483
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 16
- FWCI
- 41.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Keywords
- time invariance, internet addiction, smartphone addiction, social media addiction, gaming disorder, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, Chinese translation, psychometric properties, university students, Hong Kong, Taiwan
- MeSH terms
- Internet Addiction Disorder, Adult, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Hong Kong, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Students, Taiwan, Time, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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