The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Genetic Evidence for Recent Population Mixture in India
Open accessAbstract
Most Indian groups descend from a mixture of two genetically divergent populations: Ancestral North Indians (ANI) related to Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Caucasians, and Europeans; and Ancestral South Indians (ASI) not closely related to groups outside the subcontinent. The date of mixture is unknown but has implications for understanding Indian history. We report genome-wide data from 73 groups from the Indian subcontinent and analyze linkage disequilibrium to estimate ANI-ASI mixture dates ranging from about 1,900 to 4,200 years ago. In a subset of groups, 100% of the mixture is consistent with having occurred during this period. These results show that India experienced a demographic transformation several thousand years ago, from a region in which major population mixture was common to one in which mixture even between closely related groups became rare because of a shift to endogamy.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Previously, the West Eurasian population known to be the best proxy for this ancestry was present-day Sardinians32, who resemble Neolithic Europeans genetically13,33.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Integrating common and rare genetic variation in diverse human populations
The International HapMap 3 Consortium (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09298 · Cited by 3,026
Ancient Admixture in Human History
Patterson, N., Moorjani, P., Luo, Y., Mallick, S., Rohland, N., Zhan, Y., Genschoreck, T., Webster, T., & Reich, D. (2012) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.112.145037 · Cited by 2,848
Self-citationGenerating samples under a Wright–Fisher neutral model of genetic variation
Hudson, R. R. (2002) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/18.2.337 · Cited by 2,397
Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation
Li, J. Z., Absher, D. M., Tang, H., Southwick, A. M., Casto, A. M., Ramachandran, S., Cann, H. M., Barsh, G. S., Feldman, M. W., Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., et al. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1153717 · Cited by 1,915
Reconstructing Indian population history
Reich, D., Thangaraj, K., Patterson, N., Price, A. L., & Singh, L. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08365 · Cited by 1,674
Self-citationReconstructing Native American population history
Reich, D., Patterson, N., Campbell, D., Tandon, A., Mazieres, S., Ray, N., Parra, M. V., Rojas, W., Duque, C., Mesa, N., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11258 · Cited by 696
Self-citationDenisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania
Reich, D., Patterson, N., Kircher, M., Delfin, F., Nandineni, M. R., Pugach, I., Ko, A. M.-S., Ko, Y.-C., Jinam, T. A., Phipps, M. E., et al. (2011) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005 · Cited by 656
Self-citationAncient DNA from the First European Farmers in 7500-Year-Old Neolithic Sites
Haak, W., Forster, P., Bramanti, B., Matsumura, S., Brandt, G., Tänzer, M., Villems, R., Renfrew, C., Gronenborn, D., Alt, K. W., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1118725 · Cited by 536
Origins and Genetic Legacy of Neolithic Farmers and Hunter-Gatherers in Europe
Skoglund, P., Malmström, H., Raghavan, M., Storå, J., Hall, P., Willerslev, E., Gilbert, M. T. P., Götherström, A., & Jakobsson, M. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1216304 · Cited by 521
Fenner, J. N. (2005) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20188 · Cited by 508
Genetic Discontinuity Between Local Hunter-Gatherers and Central Europe’s First Farmers
Bramanti, B., Thomas, M. G., Haak, W., Unterlaender, M., Jores, P., Tambets, K., Antanaitis-Jacobs, I., Haidle, M. N., Jankauskas, R., Kind, C.-J., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1176869 · Cited by 504
Inferring admixture histories of human populations using linkage disequilibrium
Loh, P.-R., Lipson, M., Patterson, N., Moorjani, P., Pickrell, J. K., Reich, D., & Berger, B. (2013) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.112.147330 · Cited by 466
Self-citationThe genome-wide structure of the Jewish people
Behar, D. M., Yunusbayev, B., Metspalu, M., Metspalu, E., Rosset, S., Parik, J., Rootsi, S., Chaubey, G., Kutuev, I. A., Yudkovsky, G., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09103 · Cited by 410
Chakraborty, R., & Weiss, K. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.23.9119 · Cited by 404
Metspalu, M., Kivisild, T., Metspalu, E., Parik, J., Hudjashov, G., Kaldma, K., Serk, P., Karmin, M., Behar, D. M., Gilbert, M. T. P., et al. (2004) · BMC Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2156-5-26 · Cited by 375
The genetic prehistory of southern Africa
Pickrell, J. K., Patterson, N. J., Barbieri, C., Berthold, F., Gerlach, L., Güldemann, T., Kure, B., Mpoloka, S. W., Nakagawa, H., Naumann, C., et al. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2140 · Cited by 351
Self-citationSankalia, H. D., & Allchin, B. (1985) · Man · doi:10.2307/2802392 · Cited by 344
Genetic landscape of the people of India: a canvas for disease gene exploration
Indian Genome Variation Consortium (2008) · Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1007/s12041-008-0002-x · Cited by 292
Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages
Kivisild, T., Bamshad, M. J., Kaldma, K., Metspalu, M., Metspalu, E., Reidla, M., Laos, S., Parik, J., Watkins, W. S., Dixon, M. E., et al. (1999) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3 · Cited by 287
Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-4880 · Cited by 287
Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization
JonthanMarkKenoyer (1998) · 世界古典文明史杂志：英文版 · Cited by 276
Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins.
Gimbutas, M., & Renfrew, C. (1990) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2162959 · Cited by 248
The History of African Gene Flow into Southern Europeans, Levantines, and Jews
Moorjani, P., Patterson, N. J., Hirschhorn, J. N., Keinan, A., Hao, L., Atzmon, G., Burns, E. R., D, H. O. M., Price, A. L., & Reich, D. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001373 · Cited by 246
Self-citationFinding Plant Domestication in the Indian Subcontinent
Fuller, D. Q. (2011) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/658900 · Cited by 206
Lehmann, W. P. (1999) · Language · doi:10.2307/417487 · Cited by 191
The Caucasus as an Asymmetric Semipermeable Barrier to Ancient Human Migrations
Yunusbayev, B., Metspalu, M., Järve, M., Kutuev, I. A., Rootsi, S., Metspalu, E., Behar, D. M., Varendi, K., Sahakyan, H., Khusainova, R., et al. (2011) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msr221 · Cited by 173
Auton, A., Bryc, K., Boyko, A. R., Lohmueller, K. E., Novembre, J., Reynolds, A., Indap, A. R., Wright, M. H., Degenhardt, J. D., Gutenkunst, R. N., et al. (2009) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.088898.108 · Cited by 171
Metspalu, M., Romero, I. G., Yunusbayev, B., Chaubey, G., Mallick, C. B., Hudjashov, G., Nelis, M., Mägi, R., Metspalu, E., Remm, M., et al. (2011) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010 · Cited by 170
Self-citationAncient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization
Kenoyer, J. M. (1998) · Cited by 167
Herráez, D. L., Bauchet, M., Tang, K., Theunert, C., Pugach, I., Li, J., Nandineni, M. R., Gross, A., Scholz, M. R., & Stoneking, M. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007888 · Cited by 163
Delete-m Jackknife for Unequal m
Busing, F. M. T. A., Meijer, E., & van der Leeden, R. (1999) · Statistics and Computing · doi:10.1023/a:1008800423698 · Cited by 160
In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup 'M' in India
Kumarasamy Thangaraj, K., Chaubey, G., Singh, V. K., Vanniarajan, A., Thanseem, I., Reddy, A. G., & Singh, L. (2006) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-7-151 · Cited by 105
Self-citationSubstrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan. (Ṛgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic)
Witzel, M. E. J. (2016) · Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies · doi:10.11588/ejvs.1999.1.828 · Cited by 104
The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture, and Ethnicity
Possehl, G. L., Erdosy, G., Wezler, A., & Witzel, M. E. J. (1998) · Journal of the American Oriental Society · doi:10.2307/606332 · Cited by 89
Patton, L. L., & Bryant, E. (2004) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203641880 · Cited by 79
Reconstructing Roma History from Genome-Wide Data
Moorjani, P., Patterson, N. J., Loh, P., Lipson, M., Kisfali, P., Melegh, B., von Bonin, M., Kádaši, Ľ., Rieß, O., Berger, B., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058633 · Cited by 76
Self-citationIndian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture
Shah, A. M., Tamang, R., Moorjani, P., Rani, D. S., Govindaraj, P., Kulkarni, G. D., Bhattacharya, T., Mustak, M. S., Bhaskar, L. V., Reddy, A. G., et al. (2011) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030 · Cited by 59
Self-citationThe beginning of agriculture in the Kachi Plain: the evidence of Mehrgarh
Costantini, L. (1984) · Cited by 59
Barik, S. S., Sahani, R., Prasad, B. V. R., Endicott, P., Metspalu, M., Sarkar, B., Bhattacharya, S., Annapoorna, P. C. H., Sreenath, J., Sun, D., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20773 · Cited by 50
Sahoo, S., & Kashyap, V. K. (2006) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20399 · Cited by 26
An algorithm for exponential fitting revisited
Osborne, M. R., & Smyth, G. K. (1986) · Journal of Applied Probability · doi:10.1017/s0021900200117255 · Cited by 26
Indus Collapse: The End or the Beginning of an Asian Culture?
Lawler, A. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.320.5881.1281 · Cited by 20
Is Great Andamanese genealogically and typologically distinct from Onge and Jarawa?
Abbi, A. (2008) · Language Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2008.02.002 · Cited by 17
Trautmann, T. (2005) · Cited by 15
Harappa excavations 1986-1990 : a multidisciplinary approach to third millenium urbanism
Meadow, R. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 13
History and Influence of Law Code of Manu
Naegele, C. J. (2008) · bepress Legal Repository · Cited by 5
Ancient Races of Baluchistan, Panjab, and Sind
Dales, G. F., & Sarkar, S. S. (1968) · Journal of the American Oriental Society · doi:10.2307/596934 · Cited by 4
Ancient Races of Baluchistan, Panjab and Sind.
Allchin, F. R., & Sarkar, S. S. (1966) · Man · doi:10.2307/2795925 · Cited by 2
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N., Mittnik, A., Renaud, G., Mallick, S., Kirsanow, K., Sudmant, P. H., Schraiber, J. G., Castellano, S., Lipson, M., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13673 · Cited by 1,357
Self-citationGenomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East
Lazaridis, I., Nadel, D., Rollefson, G., Merrett, D. C., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Fernandes, D., Novak, M., Gamarra, B., Sirak, K., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19310 · Cited by 955
Self-citationThe formation of human populations in South and Central Asia
Narasimhan, V. M., Patterson, N. J., Moorjani, P., Rohland, N., Bernardos, R. L., Mallick, S., Lazaridis, I., Nakatsuka, N. J., Olalde, Í., Lipson, M., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat7487 · Cited by 819
Self-citationGenomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans
Raghavan, M., Steinrücken, M., Harris, K., Schiffels, S., Rasmussen, S., DeGiorgio, M., Albrechtsen, A., Valdiosera, C., Ávila-Arcos, M. C., Malaspinas, A.-S., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aab3884 · Cited by 540
Evidence for archaic adaptive introgression in humans
Racimo, F., Sankararaman, S., Nielsen, R., & Huerta-Sánchez, E. (2015) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3936 · Cited by 521
Metadata
- Authors
- Moorjani, P., Thangaraj, K., Patterson, N., Lipson, M., Loh, P.-R., Govindaraj, P., Berger, B., Reich, D., & Singh, L.
- Affiliations
- Broad Institute (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Moorjani, Priya
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Human Genetics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 422-438
- ISSN
- 0002-9297 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3769933
- OpenAlex
- W2110266900
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 18
- FWCI
- 13.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The American Journal of Human Genetics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG006399)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM100233, R01GM100233)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Keywords
- linkage disequilibrium, endogamy, demographic change, Indian subcontinent
- MeSH terms
- Gene Pool, Genetics, Population, Geography, Humans, India, Linguistics, Models, Genetic, Time Factors, Linkage Disequilibrium, Principal Component Analysis, White People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
