A diagnostic questionnaire for childbirth related posttraumatic stress disorder: a validation study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Labor and delivery can entail complications and severe maternal morbidities that threaten a woman's life or cause her to believe that her life is in danger. Women with these experiences are at risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder. Postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder, or childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder, can become an enduring and debilitating condition. At present, validated tools for a rapid and efficient screen for childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder are lacking. OBJECTIVE: We examined the diagnostic validity of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, for detecting posttraumatic stress disorder among women who have had a traumatic childbirth. This Checklist assesses the 20 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and is a commonly used patient-administrated screening instrument. Its diagnostic accuracy for detecting childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder is unknown. STUDY DESIGN: The sample included 59 patients who reported a traumatic childbirth experience determined in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, posttraumatic stress disorder criterion A for exposure involving a threat or potential threat to the life of the mother or infant, experienced or perceived, or physical injury. The majority (66%) of the participants were less than 1 year postpartum (for full sample: median, 4.67 months; mean, 1.5 years) and were recruited via the Mass General Brigham's online platform, during the postpartum unit hospitalization or after discharge. Patients were instructed to complete the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, concerning posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms related to childbirth. Other comorbid conditions (ie, depression and anxiety) were also assessed. They also underwent a clinician interview for posttraumatic stress disorder using the gold-standard Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. A second administration of the Checklist was performed in a subgroup (n=43), altogether allowing an assessment of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent and diagnostic validity of the Checklist. The diagnostic accuracy of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, in reference to the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, was determined using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; an optimal cutoff score was identified using the Youden's J index. RESULTS: One-third of the sample (35.59%) met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, criteria for a posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis stemming from childbirth. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, symptom severity score was strongly correlated with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, total score (ρ=0.82; P<.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.93 (95% confidence interval, 0.87-0.99), indicating excellent diagnostic performance of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. A cutoff value of 28 optimized the sensitivity (0.81) and specificity (0.90) and correctly diagnosed 86% of women. A higher value (32) identified individuals with more severe posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (specificity, 0.95), but with lower sensitivity (0.62). Checklist scores were also stable over time (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.73), indicating good test-retest reliability. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, scores were moderately correlated with the depression and anxiety symptom scores (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: ρ=0.58; P<.001 and the Brief Symptom Inventory, anxiety subscale: ρ=0.51; P<.001). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the validity of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, as a screening tool for posttraumatic stress disorder among women who had a traumatic childbirth experience. The instrument may facilitate screening for childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder on a large scale and help identify women who might benefit from further diagnostics and services. Replication of the findings in larger, postpartum samples is needed.
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The clinical cutoff for the PCL-5 in non-postpartum samples is reported to be 31-33, with a high specificity level using this cutoff.
“The clinical cutoff for this measure in non-postpartum samples is reported to be 31–3353, with a high specificity level using this cutoff34”
From AI and narrative embeddings detect PTSD following childbirth via birth stories (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
The PCL-5 is widely recognized for its strong alignment with diagnostic assessments by clinicians and is used to establish a provisional PTSD diagnosis, and is validated in postpartum samples.
“The PCL-5 is widely recognized for its strong alignment with diagnostic assessments by clinicians and is used to establish a provisional PTSD diagnosis34,52 (i.e., a presumptive disease state without a formal diagnosis), and is validated in postpartum samples34.”
From AI and narrative embeddings detect PTSD following childbirth via birth stories (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
The PCL-5 is a well-validated self-report measure and shows strong correspondence with clinical diagnostics.
“the PCL-5, which is a well validated self-report measure 34,51,64,65 and shows strong correspondence with clinical diagnostics34”
From AI and narrative embeddings detect PTSD following childbirth via birth stories (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
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Sundin, C. A., Gomez, L., Thompson, C., Crenshaw, J. T., & Gilder, R. E. (2025) · MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing · doi:10.1097/nmc.0000000000001177 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Arora, I. H., Woscoboinik, G. G., Mokhtar, S., Quagliarini, B., Bartal, A., Jagodnik, K. M., Barry, R. L., Edlow, A. G., Orr, S. P., & Dekel, S.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Bar-Ilan University (IL)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dekel, Sharon
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-07
- Volume
- 231
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 134.e1-134.e13
- ISSN
- 0002-9378 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11175478
- OpenAlex
- W4388837283
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 8.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Merck
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD108619, R21HD100817, R21HD109546)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- traumatic birth, postpartum mental health, PTSD screening, PCL-5, diagnostic validity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, diagnostic accuracy, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, maternal morbidity, comorbid depression and anxiety, screening cut-off values
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Puerperal Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, ROC Curve, Sensitivity and Specificity, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Reproducibility of Results, Parturition, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult, Checklist
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