Serum BDNF levels increase during early drug withdrawal in alcohol and crack cocaine addiction
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in several drug-induced brain neuroadaptations. The impact of withdrawal from substances that have different neurological mechanisms on BDNF levels is unclear. Our goal was to compare serum BDNF levels in inpatients with alcohol or crack cocaine use disorders during the early withdrawal period, and to evaluate the association with substance-related outcomes. We performed a follow-up study with 101 men under detoxification treatment (drug preference: alcohol [n = 37] and crack cocaine [n = 64]). Blood samples were collected on the 1st and 15th days of hospitalization to measure serum BDNF levels. Serum BDNF levels increased during the early stage of withdrawal (28.2 ± 10.0 vs. 32.6 ± 13.3, p < 0.001), similarly in individuals with alcohol and crack cocaine use. In the alcohol group, BDNF levels on the 15th day of hospitalization were negatively correlated with age (r = -0.394, p = 0.023). Delta BDNF levels were also negatively correlated with BDNF on the 1st day of hospitalization (p = 0.011). No significant correlation was found regarding substance-related outcomes. This is the first study to compare BDNF levels in alcohol and crack cocaine users undergoing similar treatment conditions. These findings could be related to clinical improvement after abstinence or even to drug withdrawal itself, decreasing neuronal injury. Furthermore, age may be a crucial factor, hindering the recovery of neuroplasticity in alcohol users.
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BDNF plays a pivotal role in the maturation of dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic systems.
“Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a pivotal role in the maturation of dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic systems.”
From Beyond Stigma–Integrating Neurobiology, Genetics, and Awareness Integration Theory in Addiction Recovery (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
Plasma BDNF levels are associated with cognitive function and aggressive impulsivity, making BDNF a critical biomarker in addiction vulnerability and recovery.
“Plasma levels of BDNF are associated with both cognitive function and aggressive impulsivity, making it a critical biomarker in addiction vulnerability and recovery.”
From Beyond Stigma–Integrating Neurobiology, Genetics, and Awareness Integration Theory in Addiction Recovery (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
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Self-citationPortelli, J., Farokhnia, M., Deschaine, S. L., Battista, J. T., Lee, M. R., Li, X., Dorit Ron, A., & Leggio, L. (2020) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.07.009 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kethawath, S. M., Jain, R., Dhawan, A., Sarkar, S., & Kumar, M. (2020) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2020.1795327 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Valério, A. G., Scherer, J. N., Pechansky, F., DIEMEN, L. V., Ornell, F. R., Roglio, V. S., Schuch, J. B., Bristot, G., Kapczinski, F. P., & Kessler, F. H. P. (2021) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.47626/2237-6089-2021-0254 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Blum, K., Gold, M., Jafari, N., Lewandrowski, K.-U., Sharafshah, A., Mohankumar, K., Lorio, M., Bowirrat, A., Pinhasov, A., Thanos, K., et al. (2026) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s561157 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“75 Since the identification of the DRD2 Taq A1 allele’s association with severe alcoholism in 1990, 15 the gene has been implicated across a spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions.”
- Authors
- Ornell, F., Scherer, J. N., Schuch, J. B., Sordi, A. O., Halpern, S. C., Rebelatto, F. P., Bristot, G., Kapczinski, F., Roglio, V. S., Pechansky, F., Kessler, F. H. P., & von Diemen, L.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Schuch, Jaqueline B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Alcohol
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-09
- Volume
- 111
- Pages
- 1-7
- ISSN
- 0741-8329 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4362723025
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Alcohol (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- brain-derived neurotrophic factor, serum BDNF, alcohol withdrawal, substance use disorders, detoxification, neuroplasticity, age, abstinence, neuronal injury
- MeSH terms
- Ethanol, Cocaine, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Crack Cocaine, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Cocaine-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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