Genetic and environmental transactions underlying educational attainment
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This report used a population-representative longitudinal twin study with two birth cohorts to explore the association between intelligence and education by understanding how genetic and environmental influences on intelligence moderate genetic and environmental influences on school grades and educational attainment. Non-shared environmental influences on grades were strong when IQ was low, but decreased across the range of IQ. Shared environmental influences common to age 24 educational attainment and age 17 IQ were strong when IQ was low, but genetic influences common to IQ and education were strong when IQ was high. These results suggest that the causal mechanisms linking educational variables with intelligence differ for people with different levels of intelligence.
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Previous studies implicate bidirectional causal effects between cognitive ability and educational attainment.
“Such findings are consistent with previous studies implicating bidirectional causal effects 30,31”
From Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269,867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence (2018) · cites this paper as [30]
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The Student Counselling Centre at the University of Crete, Greece
Bitsios, P., Karademas, E. C., Mouzaki, A., Manolitsis, G., Kapellaki, O., Diacatou, A., Archontaki, A., Mamalakis, G., & Giovazolias, T. (2017) · BJPsych International · doi:10.1192/s2056474000002099 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…given the well-established relationship between educational attainment and cognition and general physical and psychological well-being (Deary, 2008; Johnson et al, 2009), and even longevity (Batty et al, 2008), improving educational attainment is potentially critical to improving physical and…”
BackgroundIntelligence as a predictor of social mobility in Estonia
Anni, K., & Mõttus, R. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12528 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Moderating Influence of School Achievement on Intelligence in Young Adulthood
Hegelund, E. R., Mortensen, E. L., Flensborg‐Madsen, T., Dammeyer, J., Christensen, K., & Johnson, W. (2020) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-020-10027-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationINTELIGENCIJA I ŠKOLSKO POSTIGNUĆE U SVETLU NASLEDNIH I SREDINSKIH ČINILACA
Nikolašević, Ž., Ignjatović, V. B., Milovanović, I. Z., & Raković, S. (2014) · Primenjena psihologija · doi:10.19090/pp.2014.3.381-400 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Salahodjaev, R., & Satoshi Kanazawa, A. (2017) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932017000268 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
‘Children at Risk’ of Poor Educational Outcomes: Insights from a (Neuro-)Cognitive Perspective
Schmid, J., & Hasselhorn, M. (2014) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-014-9260-8
“…that poor educational outcomes are not predetermined by genetic influences: Family environmental background (e.g. parental valuation of education; financial resources to obtain higher education) plays a major role for educational trajectories in this group of children at risk (Johnson et al. 2009).”
BackgroundThe Moderating Influence of School Achievement on Intelligence: A Cross-National Comparison
Hegelund, E., Mortensen, E. L., Flensborg-Madsen, T., Dammeyer, J., Christensen, K., McGue, M., Klatzka, C. H., Spinath, F., & Johnson, W. (2024) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-024-10203-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“To our knowledge, only a few studies have used these models to investigate the genetic and environmental interplay underlying the association between education and intelligence test scores (Johnson et al. 2009a, b, 2010; Hegelund et al. 2021).”
Self-citationGenetics for ‘equality’? The politics of knowledge production in educational genomics
Kotouza, D. (2025) · History of the Human Sciences · doi:10.1177/09526951251314314 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Genes are also imagined to select or create environments that enhance educational outcomes via children ’ s choices at school and ‘ parents responding to their children ’ s genetic differences ’ (Plomin, 2018: 6), a concept known as ‘ niche-picking ’ (Johnson, Deary, and Iacono, 2009: 476).”
Developmental abilities and achievements in Serbian language and mathematics
Gligorović, M., & Nataša, B. (2015) · Specijalna edukacija i rehabilitacija · doi:10.5937/specedreh14-9277 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
For distinguished contributions to psychophysiology: William G. Iacono.
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Education and neurocognitive aging - is there a relation?
Nyberg, L. H., & Lövdén, M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.14062-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Basic Steps for WISC–V Interpretation
Kaufman, A. S., Raiford, S. E., & Coalson, D. L. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781394259397.ch8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
WPPSI ‐ IV SCORE ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Raiford, S. E., & Coalson, D. L. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781394260652.ch4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Adolescent health and the risk of school dropout and labour market exclusion in young adulthood
Ridder, K. D. (2014) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Personalized education: Analog of personalized medicine?
Johnson, W. (2017) · Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal · doi:10.19080/pbsij.2017.06.555687 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Another study, using somewhat older children and intelligence as the moderating variable, provided some hints about this Johnson, Deary, & Iacono [10].”
BackgroundSelf-citationInvestigating the mechanisms of Gene-by-SES interactions for educationPreprint
Ruks, M. (2021) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/6cm2d
An interdisciplinary perspective on personality
von Borell, C. (2022) · doi:10.53846/goediss-9487
(2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394259397.refs
Cimon‐Paquet, C., Ha, T., & Véronneau, M. (2025) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316251408895
“Results contrast with previous evidence that the family environment (e.g., parental monitoring behaviors, emphasis on education and fi nancial resources) was more strongly related to academic success among low achievers (Hill & Wang, 2015; Johnson et al., 2009).”
- Authors
- Johnson, W., Deary, I. J., & Iacono, W. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, Wendy
- Venue
- Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 466-478
- ISSN
- 0160-2896 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2741638
- OpenAlex
- W1973634388
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 8.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Medical Research Council
- U.S. Public Health Service (00175, DA 13240, DA 05147)
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- educational attainment, IQ, school grades, genetic factors, environmental influences, nonshared environment, shared environment, gene-environment interaction, heritability, longitudinal twin study
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