Ice Cream Illusions
Abstract
Background Because people eat most of what they serve themselves, any contextual cues that lead them to over-serve should lead them to over-eat. In building on the size-contrast illusion, this research examines whether the size of a bowl or serving spoon unknowingly biases how much a person serves and eats.Methods The 2 x 2 between-subjects design involved 85 nutrition experts who were attending an ice cream social to celebrate the success of a colleague in 2002. They were randomly given either a smaller (17 oz) or a larger (34 oz) bowl and either a smaller (2 oz) or larger (3 oz) ice cream scoop. After serving themselves, they completed a brief survey as their ice cream was weighed. The analysis was conducted in 2003.Results Even when nutrition experts were given a larger bowl, they served themselves 31.0% more (6.25 vs 4.77 oz, F(1, 80) = 8.05, p < 0.01) without being aware of it. Their servings increased by 14.5% when they were given a larger serving spoon (5.77 vs 5.04 oz, F(1, 80)=2.70, p = 0.10).Conclusions People could try using the size of their bowls and possibly serving spoons to help them better control how much they consume. Those interested in losing weight should use smaller bowls and spoons, while those needing to gain weight--such as the undernourished or aged--could be encouraged to use larger ones. Epidemiologic implications are discussed.
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There are many human studies showing acute effects of manipulating palatability, variability, and availability of food, although few controlled studies show long-term effects on energy balance.
“There are also plenty of human studies showing acute effects of manipulating palatability, variability, and availability of food ([191](#B191), [192](#B192)), although few controlled studies show long-term effects on energy balance ([120](#B120), [134](#B134)).”
From Food reward, hyperphagia, and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [192]
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Berg, C., & Forslund, H. B. (2015) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-015-0138-y · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Faith, M. S., Pietrobelli, A., Heo, M., Johnson, S. L., Keller, K. L., Heymsfield, S. B., & Allison, D. B. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.258 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Labarthe, D. R., Goldstein, L. B., Antman, E. M., Arnett, D. K., Fonarow, G. C., Alberts, M. J., Hayman, L. L., Khera, A., Sallis, J. F., Daniels, S. R., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000410 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Do Children Really Prefer Large Portions? Visual Illusions Bias Their Estimates and Intake
van Ittersum, K., & Wansink, B. C. (2007) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2007.05.020 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationFood availability and food access in rural agricultural communities: use of mixed methods
Ko, L. K., Enzler, C. J., Perry, C. K., Rodriguez, E. A., Mariscal, N., Linde, S. A. D., & Duggan, C. R. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5547-x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Kozak, A. T., & Fought, A. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.07.008 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Controlling satiety: how environmental factors influence food intake
Smith, J. M., & Ditschun, T. L. (2009) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2009.03.009 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Influence of choice on vegetable intake in children: an in-home study
de Wild, V. W. T., de Graaf, C., Boshuizen, H. C., & Jager, G. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.025 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wansink, B., van Ittersum, K., & Painter, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Eastern Illinois University (US)
- ORCID
- Wansink, Brian
- Venue
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 240-243
- ISSN
- 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2134869599
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 8.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Keywords
- serving size, portion size, overeating, dietary intake, weight management, nutritionists
- MeSH terms
- Eating, Female, Humans, Ice Cream, Illusions, Male, Visual Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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