Weighing the Evidence of Common Beliefs in Obesity Research

Casazza, Krista; Brown, Andrew; Astrup, Arne; Bertz, Fredrik; Baum, Charles; Brown, Michelle Bohan; Dawson, John; Durant, Nefertiti; Dutton, Gareth; Fields, David A.; Fontaine, Kevin R.; Heymsfield, Steven; Levitsky, David; Mehta, Tapan; Menachemi, Nir; Newby, P.K.; Pate, Russell; Raynor, Hollie; Rolls, Barbara J.; Sen, Bisakha; Smith, Daniel L.; Thomas, Diana; Wansink, Brian; Allison, David B.

doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.922044

Cited by 169Obesity, Physical Activity, DietObesity and Health PracticesNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

Weighing the Evidence of Common Beliefs in Obesity Research

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Casazza, Krista, Brown, Andrew, Astrup, Arne, Bertz, Fredrik, Baum, Charles, Brown, Michelle Bohan, Dawson, John, Durant, Nefertiti +16 more·2015·Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

DOI 10.1080/10408398.2014.922044PMC PMC4272668

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Abstract

Obesity is a topic on which many views are strongly held in the absence of scientific evidence to support those views, and some views are strongly held despite evidence to contradict those views. We refer to the former as "presumptions" and the latter as "myths." Here, we present nine myths and 10 presumptions surrounding the effects of rapid weight loss; setting realistic goals in weight loss therapy; stage of change or readiness to lose weight; physical education classes; breastfeeding; daily self-weighing; genetic contribution to obesity; the "Freshman 15"; food deserts; regularly eating (versus skipping) breakfast; eating close to bedtime; eating more fruits and vegetables; weight cycling (i.e., yo-yo dieting); snacking; built environment; reducing screen time in childhood obesity; portion size; participation in family mealtime; and drinking water as a means of weight loss. For each of these, we describe the belief and present evidence that the belief is widely held or stated, reasons to support the conjecture that the belief might be true, evidence to directly support or refute the belief, and findings from randomized controlled trials, if available. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these determinations, conjecture on why so many myths and presumptions exist, and suggestions for limiting the spread of these and other unsubstantiated beliefs about the obesity domain.

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In nutrition and obesity, constant vacillation of headlines and studies about foods has contributed to decreased trust in nutrition science, with unscientific ideas advanced through higher exposure.
“In our fields of nutrition and obesity, the constant vacillation of headlines and studies purporting that a food is good and then perhaps bad from week to week has contributed to a decreased trust in nutrition science, with many unscientific ideas being advanced through higher exposure (34, 74–77).”
From Issues with data and analyses: Errors, underlying themes, and potential solutions (2018) · cites this paper as [76]

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Self-citation

Authors: Casazza, K., Brown, A., Astrup, A., Bertz, F., Baum, C., Brown, M. B., Dawson, J., Durant, N., Dutton, G., Fields, D. A., Fontaine, K. R., Heymsfield, S., Levitsky, D., Mehta, T., Menachemi, N., Newby, P. K., Pate, R., Raynor, H., Rolls, B. J., Sen, B., Smith, D. L., Thomas, D., Wansink, B., & Allison, D. B.
Affiliations: University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
University of Copenhagen (DK)
Cornell University (US)
Middle Tennessee State University (US)
,
University of Oklahoma (US)
Pennington Biomedical Institute, George A. Bray, Jr. Endowed Super Chair in Nutrition, Metabolism-Body Composition, Baton Rouge, Louisiana USA
Boston University (US)
University of South Carolina (US)
University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
Montclair State University (US)
Corresponding author: Allison, David B.
ORCID: Brown, Andrew
Astrup, Arne
Bertz, Fredrik
Dawson, John
Dutton, Gareth
Fields, David A.
Fontaine, Kevin R.
Heymsfield, Steven
Levitsky, David
Mehta, Tapan
Menachemi, Nir
Pate, Russell
Raynor, Hollie
Rolls, Barbara J.
Sen, Bisakha
Smith, Daniel L.
Thomas, Diana
Wansink, Brian
Allison, David B.
Venue: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2015-06-08
Volume: 55
Issue: 14
Pages: 2014-2053
ISSN: 1040-8398 (ISSN-L)
1549-7852
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.922044
PMC: PMC4272668
OpenAlex: W2028081588
Cited by: 169
References: 419
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 2.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL072757)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32DK062710, P30DK056336, P30DK079626)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Obesity and Health Practices
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords: obesity, weight loss, rapid weight loss, weight loss goals, stages of change, physical education, breastfeeding, self-weighing, Freshman 15, food deserts, breakfast skipping, fruit and vegetable intake, weight cycling, snacking, built environment, screen time, childhood obesity, portion size, family meals, water intake
MeSH terms: Body Weight, Diet, Humans, Obesity, Research, Weight Loss, Exercise, Sedentary Behavior

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