Association of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load With Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease Among Whites and African Americans With and Without Type 2 Diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
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Purpose In this study we examined whether high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) diets are associated with increased risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) in Whites and African Americans with and without type 2 diabetes.Methods Data on 13,051 patients ages 45 to 64 years from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study were analyzed. The ARIC food frequency questionnaire baseline data provided GI and GL indices. A propensity score was created to estimate the effect of a patient's covariates on energy-adjusted GI or GL. During a maximum of 17 years of follow-up, 1683 cases of CHD (371 with diabetes and 1312 without diabetes) were recorded.Results For every 5-units increase in GI, there was a 1.16-fold (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.01-1.33) increased risk of incident CHD in African Americans. For every 30-units increase in GL, there was a 1.11-fold (95% CI, 1.01-1.21) increased risk of incident CHD in Whites. High GL was an especially important CHD risk factor for Whites without diabetes (per 30-units increase; hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.02-1.26). However, these relationships were not seen in individuals with diabetes.Conclusions Nutritional advice to reduce the GI and GL in diets of African Americans and Whites subjects (without diabetes) may play a role in reducing CHD risk.
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In Danish and Black American men, positive benefits for cardiovascular events were seen related to consumption of lower GI foods.
“These studies indicated that in Danish47 and Black American44 men, positive benefits for cardiovascular events were seen related to consumption of lower GI foods.”
From Associations of Glycemic Index and Load With Coronary Heart Disease Events: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Cohorts (2012) · cites this paper as [44]
The weaknesses of the present study include the limited number of studies, the inability to include potentially relevant studies because of lack of necessary data, and the heterogeneity in the overall analyses, especially in the likely underpowered analyses of men.
“The weaknesses of the present study include the limited number of studies, the inability to include potentially relevant studies44,47 because of lack of necessary data, and the heterogeneity in the overall analyses, especially in the likely underpowered analyses of men.”
From Associations of Glycemic Index and Load With Coronary Heart Disease Events: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Cohorts (2012) · cites this paper as [44]
The systematic review captured a report on African American men that showed a 5-unit increase in GI conferred a 16% increase in CHD risk.
“However, it is noteworthy that our systematic review captured a report on African American men that, although not included because of lack of necessary data (ie, quantile analyses), showed that a 5-unit increase in GI conferred a 16% increase in CHD risk.44”
From Associations of Glycemic Index and Load With Coronary Heart Disease Events: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Cohorts (2012) · cites this paper as [44]
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- Authors
- Hardy, D. S., Hoelscher, D. M., Aragaki, C., Stevens, J., Steffen, L. M., Pankow, J. S., & Boerwinkle, E.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Boerwinkle, Eric
- Venue
- Annals of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-08
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 610-616
- ISSN
- 1047-2797 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3085981
- OpenAlex
- W2142984872
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 5.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annals of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc55021-47-0-1, n01hc55020-39-0-0, n01hc55016-37-0-0, n01hc055022-024, n01hc55019-35-0-1, n01hc55018-38-0-1, n01hc55015-48-0-1)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01-HC55022, N01 HC055016, N01-HC-55018, N01 HC 55020, N01 HC 55019, N01 HC055020, N01 HC055018, N01-HC55016, N01 HC055022, N01‐HC‐55015, N01-HC55021, N01 HC055021, N01 HC055015)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- glycemic index, glycemic load, coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, African Americans, racial differences, diet and cardiovascular risk, food frequency questionnaire, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
- MeSH terms
- Black or African American, Coronary Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Assessment, Glycemic Index, White People
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