Potential Long-Term Effects of a Mind–Body Intervention for Women With Major Depressive Disorder: Sustained Mental Health Improvements With a Pilot Yoga Intervention
Open accessAbstract
Despite pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic advances over the past decades, many individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) experience recurrent depressive episodes and persistent depressive symptoms despite treatment with the usual care. Yoga is a mind-body therapeutic modality that has received attention in both the lay and research literature as a possible adjunctive therapy for depression. Although promising, recent findings about the positive mental health effects of yoga are limited because few studies have used standardized outcome measures and none of them have involved long-term follow-up beyond a few months after the intervention period. The goal of our research study was to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and effects of a yoga intervention for women with MDD using standardized outcome measures and a long follow-up period (1year after the intervention). The key finding is that previous yoga practice has long-term positive effects, as revealed in both qualitative reports of participants' experiences and in the quantitative data about depression and rumination scores over time. Although generalizability of the study findings is limited because of a very small sample size at the 1-year follow-up assessment, the trends in the data suggest that exposure to yoga may convey a sustained positive effect on depression, ruminations, stress, anxiety, and health-related quality of life. Whether an individual continues with yoga practice, simple exposure to a yoga intervention appears to provide sustained benefits to the individual. This is important because it is rare that any intervention, pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic, for depression conveys such sustained effects for individuals with MDD, particularly after the treatment is discontinued.
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The evidence does not show a long-term effect of mindfulness yoga on health-related quality of life at 52 weeks (MD = 3.90; 95%CI = -6.16 to 13.96).
“However, the evidence does not show it has a long-term effect (52 weeks: MD = 3.90; 95%CI = -6.16 to 13.96).”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as Kinser et al. (2014)
The Results (Findings; page unavailable) report no sustained significant group difference at 52 weeks in the mental component of health-related quality of life, supporting the claim's qualitative conclusion. The cited copy does not report the stated mean difference of 3.90 or its 95% confidence interval, so those figures cannot be verified from this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTwo studies used the Perceived Stress Scale to measure the effect of mindfulness yoga on stress at 8-week post-intervention.
“Two studies [54, 58] use the Perceived Stress Scale to measure the effect of mindfulness yoga on stress at 8-week post-intervention.”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
The Methods (Data Collection and Analysis Plan; page unavailable) identify the Perceived Stress Scale-10 as the stress measure and include a week-8 assessment for the yoga group. The Results (Findings; page unavailable) describe week 8 as part of the 8-week intervention period, not eight weeks after the intervention; the later follow-up was at 52 weeks. This paper accounts for one of the two cited studies, not both. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredKinser et al. (2014) showed that mindfulness yoga was effective at 8-week interventions for the mental component of health-related quality of life (MD = 7.00; 95%CI = 3.91 to 10.09).
“Kinser et al. (2014) showed that mindfulness yoga shows effectiveness at the 8-week interventions for the mental component of health-related quality of life (MD = 7.00; 95%CI = 3.91 to 10.09).”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as Kinser et al. (2014)
The Methods (Data Collection and Analysis Plan; page unavailable) describe an 8-week yoga intervention and measurement of the mental component of health-related quality of life at week 8. The Results (Findings; page unavailable) say short-term outcomes were reported previously and do not establish an 8-week benefit or give the claimed mean difference of 7.00 and 95% CI of 3.91–10.09. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThree included studies were from the USA.
“Three studies were from the USA [54–56]”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
One included study included both major depressive disorder and dysthymia participants.
“One study included both major depressive disorder and dysthymia participants [54].”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
Most studies provided an explanation of why participants dropped out at different times.
“Most of the studies provided an explanation of why participants dropped out at different times [31, 54, 56–58].”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
Two included studies were designed on hatha yoga.
“two were designed on hatha yoga [54, 56]”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
Sample size in included studies ranged from 27 to 88.
“Sample size in included studies ranged from 27 [54] to 88 [59] .”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
In three studies, blinding of participants and personnel was judged high risk.
“In three of our studies, blinding of participants and personnel was judged high risk [54, 57, 60]”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
Only two studies reported follow-up results: one at one year and the other at only one month.
“Only two studies reported follow-up results: one at one year [54] and the other at only one month [55].”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
Two studies reported the effect of mindfulness yoga on health-related quality of life, measured by SF-12 and WHOQOL-BREF.
“Two studies [54, 59] reported the effect of mindfulness yoga on health-related quality of life. These were separately measured by the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire-BREF.”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
Three studies evaluated the effect of mindfulness yoga on rumination, measured by the Ruminative Responses Scale and the Perseverative Thinking Scale.
“Three studies [54, 55, 59] evaluated the effect of mindfulness yoga on rumination, as measured by the Ruminative Responses Scale and the Perseverative Thinking Scale.”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
Participants in a yoga group reported less rumination at 1-year follow up compared to control.
“This study showed that participants in the yoga group reported less rumination at 1‐year follow up compared to participants in the control group.”
From A mindful yoga intervention for young women with major depressive disorder: Design and baseline sample characteristics of a randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as Kinser, Elswick, & Kornstein, 2014
The two authors who used different acronyms used the same measurement scale, as seen from their references [54, 55].
“Even though the two authors used different acronyms, we found they used the same measurement scale, as seen from their references [54, 55].”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
The Methods (page unavailable) identify the scales this paper used, including the PHQ-9, PSS-10, STAI, RRS, and SF-12. Neither that passage nor the References (page unavailable) identifies the other author's acronym or establishes that the two authors used the same scale; a search for different acronyms and the same measurement scale found no such comparison. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Kinser, P. A., Elswick, R. K., & Kornstein, S.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kinser, Patricia Anne
- Elswick, R.K.
- Kornstein, Susan
- Venue
- Archives of Psychiatric Nursing
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 377-383
- ISSN
- 0883-9417 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4254446
- OpenAlex
- W2046904726
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Psychiatric Nursing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Center of Excellence for Biobehavioral Approaches to Symptom Management; National Institute of Nursing Research, NIH (P30 NR011403)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Keywords
- yoga, major depressive disorder, women, mind-body interventions, long-term effects, rumination, stress, anxiety, health-related quality of life, adjunctive therapy, feasibility and acceptability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Chronic Disease, Combined Modality Therapy, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Feasibility Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Life Style, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Pilot Projects, Quality of Life, Yoga, Patient Satisfaction, Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical
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