Effects of body-oriented yoga: a RCT study for patients with major depressive disorder
Open accessAbstract
The major depressive disorder is one of the most common mental illnesses worldwide. Current treatment standards recommend a combined therapy with medication and psychotherapy. As an additive component and to further improvements in treatment, physical activity such as yoga may be integrated into conventional treatment. This study investigates the impact of a 3-month body-oriented yoga in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). In total,n = 83 patients were included. An intervention group received a vigorous Ashtanga-Yoga three times a week. The waiting-list control group obtained a treatment as usual (TAU). As a primary outcome depression scores (Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)) were tested at three time points. Secondary outcome was the positive and negative affect [Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS)] and remission rates. To analyze the data, multilevel models and effect sizes were conducted. The results showed an improvement in BDI-II scores for both groups over time [γ = − 3.46,t(165) = − 7.99,p < 0.001] but not between groups [γ = 0.98,t(164) = 1.12,p = 0.263]. An interaction effect (time x group) occurred for MADRS [γ = 2.10,t(164) = 2.10,p < 0.038]. Positive affects improved over time for both groups [γ = 1.65,t(165) = 4.03,p < 0.001]. Negative affects decreased for all over time [γ = − 1.00,t(165) = − 2.51,p = 0.013]. There were no significant group differences in PANAS. Post hoc tests revealed a greater symptom reduction within the first 6 weeks for all measurements. The effect sizes for depression scores showed a positive trend. Remission rates indicated a significant improvement in the yoga group (BDI-II: 46.81%, MADRS: 17.02%) compared to the control group (BDI: 33.33%, MADRS: 8.33%). The findings suggest that there is a trendsetting additive effect of Ashtanga-Yoga after 3 months on psychopathology and mood with a greater improvement at the beginning of the intervention. Further research in this field can help to achieve more differentiated results.
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A main reason for the target population declining to participate was that individuals were not yoga naïve (n = 2).
“or not yoga naïve (n = 2 [57])”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
The Participants section requires participants to have no prior yoga experience, and the study-design section says some potential participants were excluded after eligibility checks. Our copy does not say that two people were excluded for prior yoga experience, so it does not support the stated count or specific reason for those exclusions. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTwo included studies were from Germany.
“two was from Germany [57, 58]”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
Incomplete outcome data were rated as high risk in two studies.
“and as high risk in two others [57, 60]”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
In three studies, blinding of participants and personnel was judged high risk.
“In three of our studies, blinding of participants and personnel was judged high risk [54, 57, 60]”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
Most studies provided an explanation of why participants dropped out at different times.
“Most of the studies provided an explanation of why participants dropped out at different times [31, 54, 56–58].”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
One included study was based on body-oriented Ashtanga yoga.
“one [57] was based on body-oriented Ashtanga yoga”
From The effectiveness of mindfulness yoga on patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
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“The main reason for the target population declining to participate in the studies were as follows: individuals said that they were engaged in current yoga practice [56] or not yoga naïve (n = 2 [57]).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
- Authors
- Bieber, M., Görgülü, E., Schmidt, D., Zabel, K., Etyemez, S., Friedrichs, B., Prvulovic, D., Reif, A., & Oertel, V.
- Affiliations
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Asklepios Klinik Langen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Bieber, Miriam
- Venue
- European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
- Published
- 2021-07-10
- Volume
- 271
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1217-1229
- ISSN
- 0003-9373 (ISSN-L)
- 0940-1334
- 1433-8491
- PMC
- PMC8429165
- OpenAlex
- W3178023734
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 3.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, Ashtanga Yoga, depression remission, positive and negative affect, mood improvement, treatment as usual comparison, waiting list control group, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, PANAS, combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Yoga, Treatment Outcome
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