Consumer knowledge and attitudes to salt intake and labelled salt information
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate consumers' knowledge of health risks of high salt intake and frequency of use and understanding of labelled salt information. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in shopping centres within Metropolitan Melbourne. A sample of 493 subjects was recruited. The questionnaire assessed salt related shopping behaviours, attitudes to salt intake and health and their ability to interpret labelled sodium information. Four hundred and seventy four valid surveys were collected (65% female, 64% being the main shopper). Most participants knew of the relationship between salt intake and high blood pressure (88%). Sixty five percent of participants were unable to correctly identify the relationship between salt and sodium. Sixty nine percent reported reading the salt content of food products when shopping. Salt label usage was significantly related to shoppers concern about the amount of salt in their diet and the belief that their health could improve by lowering salt intake. Approximately half of the sample was unable to accurately use labelled sodium information to pick low salt options. Raising consumer awareness of the health risks associated with high salt consumption may increase salt label usage and purchases of low salt foods. However, for food labels to be effective in helping consumers select low salt foods a more 'user friendly' labelling format is needed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Greater reported use of food labels was inconsistently associated with certain dietary habits, such as lower consumption of added sugars, total fat, and total calories and higher consumption of fruits, vegetables, and dietary fiber.
“Greater reported use of food labels was inconsistently associated with certain dietary habits, such as lower consumption of added sugars, total fat, and total calories and higher consumption of fruits, vegetables, and dietary fiber.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [90]
Generally, women; persons with greater education, existing chronic disease, or greater awareness of diet-disease relations; and persons counseled by their physician to change their diet were more likely to report using nutrition labels to help make decisions about foods.
“Generally, women; persons with greater education, existing chronic disease, or greater awareness of diet-disease relations; and persons counseled by their physician to change their diet were more likely to report using nutrition labels to help make decisions about foods.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [90]
Some studies did not show any association between reported awareness or use of the food label and many or all dietary habits.
“Some studies did not show any association between reported awareness or use of the food label and many or all dietary habits.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [90]
In many cases, differences were observed for use of specific nutrient information on the food label; for example, only use of sugar information on the label, rather than general use of the food label, was associated with lower consumption of added sugar.
“In many cases, these differences were observed for use of specific nutrient information on the food label; for example, only use of sugar information on the label, rather than general use of the food label, was associated with lower consumption of added sugar.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [90]
Cites
A review of European research on consumer response to nutrition information on food labels
Grunert, K. G., & Wills, J. M. (2007) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-007-0101-9 · Cited by 1,250 · see citing works
Asaria, P., Chisholm, D., Mathers, C. D., Ezzati, M., & Beaglehole, R. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61698-5 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Feunekes, G. I. J., Gortemaker, I. A., Willems, A. A., Lion, R., & van den Kommer, M. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.05.009 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Nutrition knowledge and consumer use of nutritional food labels
Drichoutis, A. C. (2005) · European Review of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/erae/jbi003 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Use Of Food Nutrition Labels is Associated with Lower Fat Intake
NEUHOUSER, M. L., KRISTAL, A. R., & PATTERSON, R. E. (1999) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(99)00013-9 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Satia, J. A., Galanko, J. A., & Neuhouser, M. L. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.12.006 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code
Winger, R. J. (2003) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/s0956-7135(03)00044-6 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Martiniuk, A. L. C., Lee, C., Lawes, C. M. M., Ueshima, H., Suh, I., Lam, T. H., Gu, D., Feigin, V. L., Jamrozik, K. D., Ohkubo, T., et al. (2006) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e328010775f · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Jones, G., & Richardson, M. (2007) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980007258513 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Singh, M. K. (2003) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1046/j.1467-3010.2003.00351.x · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Predictors of Self-initiated, Healthful Dietary Change
KRISTAL, A. R., HEDDERSON, M. M., PATTERSON, R. E., & NEUHAUSER, M. L. (2001) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00191-2 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
(2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781439824511 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Urinary biochemical markers of dietary intake in the INTERSALT study
Dyer, A. R., Elliott, P., Chee, D., & Stamler, J. (1997) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.4.1246s · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Robinson, G., Warren, H., Samu, K. S., Wheeler, A., Matangi-Karsten, H., & Agnew, F. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The nutrition label – which information is looked at?
Higginson, C., Rayner, M. J., Draper, S., & Kirk, T. R. (2002) · Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.1108/00346650210423392 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Weaver, D., & Finke, M. (2003) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/s0306-9192(03)00028-9 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Hobart Salt Study 1995: few meet national sodium intake target
Beard, T. C., Hornsby, H., Dwyer, T., WOODWARD, D. R., Ball, P. J., & von Witt, R. J. (1997) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb123189.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The influence of socio‐economic status on salt consumption in Northern Ireland
Purdy, J., Armstrong, G. A., & McIlveen, H. (2002) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1046/j.1470-6431.2002.00212.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Consumer understanding of UK salt intake advice
Marshall, S. J., Bower, J. A., & Schröder, M. J. A. (2007) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/00070700710732556 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Urinary sodium and potassium in a sample of healthy adults in Sydney, Australia.
Notowidjojo, L., & Truswell, A. S. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Nutritional information about sodium: is it worth its salt?
Gilbey, A., & Fifield, S. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 11 · see citing works
AWASH - Drop the Salt Campaign (Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) Conference)
Webster, J. (2007) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Improving the labelling of the salt content of foods
Bussell, G., & Hunt, M. C. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9781845693046.1.134 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mozaffarian, D., Afshin, A., Benowitz, N. L., Bittner, V., Daniels, S. R., Franch, H. A., Jacobs, D. R., Kraus, W. E., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Krummel, D. A., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318260a20b · Cited by 601 · see citing works
The effects of nutrition knowledge on food label use. A review of the literature
Miller, L. M. S., & Cassady, D. L. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.029 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Food Labeling Effects on Consumer Diet Behaviors and Industry Practices
Shangguan, S., Afshin, A., Shulkin, M., Ma, W., Marsden, D., Smith, J. D., Saheb-Kashaf, M., Shi, P., Micha, R., Imamura, F., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.09.024 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Dietary Therapy in Hypertension
Sacks, F. M., & Campos, H. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmct0911013 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
da Cruz, A. G., Faria, J. D. A. F., Pollonio, M. A. R., Bolini, H. M. A., Celeghini, R. M. S., Granato, D., & Shah, N. P. (2011) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2011.02.003 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Barriers for progress in salt reduction in the general population. An international study
Newson, R. S., Elmadfa, I., Bíró, G., Cheng, Y. Y., Prakash, V., Rust, P., Barna, M., Lion, R., Meijer, G. W., Neufingerl, N., et al. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.07.003 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Microparticles and microplastics contamination in African table salts
Fadare, O. O., Okoffo, E. D., & Olasehinde, E. F. (2021) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112006 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Health labelling can influence taste perception and use of table salt for reduced-sodium products
Liem, D. G., Miremadi, F., Zandstra, E. H., & Keast, R. (2012) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s136898001200064x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Antúnez, L., Giménez, A., Maiche, A., & Ares, G. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2015.02.010 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Impact of Health Labels on Flavor Perception and Emotional Profiling: A Consumer Study on Cheese
Schouteten, J. J., Steur, H. D., Pelsmaeker, S. D., Lagast, S., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., & Gellynck, X. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7125533 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Sarmugam, R., Worsley, A. F., & Wang, W. (2013) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-10-25 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Consumer Knowledge, Attitudes and Salt-Related Behavior in the Middle-East: The Case of Lebanon
Nasreddine, L., Akl, C., Al‐Shaar, L., Almedawar, M. M., & Isma’eel, H. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6115079 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Antúnez, L., Vidal, L., Sapolinski, A., Giménez, A., Maiche, A., & Ares, G. (2013) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.3109/09637486.2012.759187 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Land, M., Webster, J. L., Christoforou, A., Johnson, C., Trevena, H., Hodgins, F., Chalmers, J. P., Woodward, M., Barzi, F., Smith, W. T., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-11-47 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrent Levels of Salt Knowledge: A Review of the Literature
Sarmugam, R., & Worsley, A. F. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6125534 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Claro, R. M., Linders, H., Ricardo, C. Z., Legetić, B., & Campbell, N. R. C. (2012) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.1590/s1020-49892012001000004 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Grimes, C. A., Kelley, S.-J., Stanley, S., Bolam, B., Webster, J. L., Khokhar, D., & Nowson, C. A. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4451-0 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationRodrigues, J. F., Gonçalves, C. S., Pereira, R. C., Carneiro, J. D. D. S., & Pinheiro, A. C. M. (2014) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2014-7913 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Dorsch, M. P., Cornellier, M. L., Poggi, A. D., Bilgen, F., Chen, P., Wu, C., An, L. C., & Hummel, S. L. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/16696 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Consumer awareness and self-reported behaviours related to salt consumption in Australia.
Webster, J. L., Li, N., Dunford, E., Nowson, C. A., & Neal, B. C. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationDetermination of salt content in hot takeaway meals in the United Kingdom
Jaworowska, A., Blackham, T., Stevenson, L., & Davies, I. G. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.018 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
A review to inform understanding of the use of food safety messages on food labels
Hall, C., & Osses, F. (2013) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12010 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
McLean, R. M., Hoek, J. A., & HEDDERLEY, D. I. (2012) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980011003508 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Luta, X., Hayoz, S., Krause, C. G., Sommerhalder, K., Roos, E., Strazzullo, P., & Beer‐Borst, S. (2017) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2017.10.028 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Bhana, N., Utter, J., & Eyles, H. C. (2018) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-018-0239-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cheese. What is its contribution to the sodium intake of Brazilians?
Felicio, T. L., Esmerino, E. A., da Cruz, A. G., Nogueira, L. C., Raices, R. S. L., Deliza, R., Bolini, H. M. A., & Pollonio, M. A. R. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.03.002 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Does school health and home economics education influence adults' food knowledge?
Worsley, A. F., Wang, W., Yeatman, H. R., Byrne, S., & Wijayaratne, P. (2015) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dav078 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Perceived Associations between Excessive Sugar Intake and Health Conditions
Prada, M., Saraiva, M., Garrido, M. V., Sério, A., Teixeira, A., Lopes, D., Silva, D. A., & Rodrigues, D. L. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030640 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Microplastic seasoning”: A study on microplastic contamination of sea salts in Bangladesh
Siddique, M. A. M., Uddin, A., Hossain, M. S., Rahman, S. M. A., Rahman, M. S., Kibria, G., & Malafaia, G. (2023) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115863 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Kongstad, S., & Giacalone, D. (2019) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103856 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Proximate and mineral composition of industrialized biscuits
dos Passos, M. E. A., Moreira, C. F. F., Pacheco, M. T. B., Takase, I., Lopes, M. L. M., & Valente‐Mesquita, V. L. (2013) · Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1590/s0101-20612013005000046 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Tobin, B. D., O’Sullivan, M. G., Hamill, R. M., & Kerry, J. P. (2014) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.01.010 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Salt reduction in Australia: from advocacy to action.
Webster, J. L., Trieu, K., Dunford, E., Nowson, C. A., Jolly, K., Greenland, R., Reimers, J., & Bolam, B. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2015.04.02 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationMarakis, G. N., Tsigarida, E., Mila, S., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2013) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980013002255 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Kamran, A., Azadbakht, L., Sharifirad, G., Mahaki, B., & Sharghi, A. (2014) · International Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1155/2014/245480 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Development and validation of a salt knowledge questionnaire
Sarmugam, R., Worsley, A. F., & Flood, V. M. (2013) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980013000517 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Effects of a community-based salt reduction program in a regional Australian population
Land, M., Wu, J. H. Y., Selwyn, A., Crino, M., Woodward, M., Chalmers, J. P., Webster, J. L., Nowson, C. A., Jeffery, P., Smith, W. T., et al. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3064-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationConsumption patterns and labelling of fish and fishery products in Poland after the EU accession
Pieniak, Z., Kołodziejczyk, M., Kowrygo, B., & Verbeke, W. (2010) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.09.022 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Dodd, R., Santos, J. A., Tan, M., Campbell, N. R. C., Mhurchú, C. N., Cobb, L. K., Jacobson, M. F., He, F. J., Trieu, K., Osornprasop, S., et al. (2020) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa067 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mørk, T., Lähteenmäki, L., & Grunert, K. G. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.04.018 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Vidal, L., Antúnez, L., Sapolinski, A., Giménez, A., Maiche, A., & Ares, G. (2013) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/joss.12062 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Menyanu, E. K., Charlton, K. E., Ware, L. J., Russell, J. C., Biritwum, R. B., & Kowal, P. R. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9090939 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Ismail, L. C., Hashim, M. S., Jarrar, A. H., Mohamad, M. N., Saleh, S. T., Jawish, N., Bekdache, M., Albaghli, H., Kdsi, D., Aldarweesh, D., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11050941 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sánchez, G., Peña, L., Varea, S., Mogrovejo, P., Goetschel, M. L., Montero-Campos, M. D. L. Á., Mejía, R. M., & Blanco‐Metzler, A. (2012) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.1590/s1020-49892012001000003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Low‐sugar strawberry yogurt: Hedonic thresholds and expectations
de Souza, L. B. A., Pinto, V. R. A., Nascimento, L. G. L., Stephani, R., de Carvalho, A. F., & Perrone, Í. T. (2021) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/joss.12643 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Johnson, C., Mohan, S., Rogers, K. D., Shivashankar, R., Thout, S. R., Gupta, P., He, F. J., MacGregor, G. A., Webster, J. L., Krishnan, A., et al. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9020144 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Sodium content on processed foods for snacks
Kraemer, M. V. D. S., de Oliveira, R. C., González‐Chica, D. A., & Proença, R. P. D. C. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015001718 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sodium content in foods: Brazilian consumers’ opinions, subjective knowledge and purchase intent
Rodrigues, J. F., Pereira, R. C., Silva, A. A., Mendes, A. O., & Carneiro, J. D. D. S. (2017) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12386 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Understanding and Use of Food Package Nutrition Label among Educated Young Adults
Norazmir, M. N., Norazlanshah, H., Radzuan, N. N., & Isa, K. A. M. (2012) · Pakistan Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3923/pjn.2012.934.940 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nutrition Knowledge: Application and Perception of Food Labels Among Women
Ahmadi, A., Torkamani, P., Sohrabi, Z., & Ghahremani, F. (2013) · Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3923/pjbs.2013.2026.2030 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The relationship between knowledge and the use of nutrition information on food package
Krešić, G., & Mrduljaš, N. (2015) · Acta Alimentaria · doi:10.1556/aalim.2015.0014 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Czarnacka-Szymani, J., & Jeżewska-Zychowicz, M. (2014) · International Dairy Journal · doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.08.017 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Grimes, C. A., Khokhar, D., Bolton, K. A., Trieu, K., POTTER, J. F., Davidson, C., Dunford, E., Jan, S., Woodward, M., Bolam, B., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051216 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationKnowledge and behaviors regarding salt intake in Mozambique
Jessen, N., Santos, A. P. C., Damasceno, A. A. M., Silva‐Matos, C., Severo, M., Padrão, P., & Lunet, N. (2018) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-018-0125-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Almeida, C., Azevedo, J., Gregório, M. J., Barros, R., Severo, M., & Padrão, P. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251620 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Dietary Salt Intake and Cardiovascular Disease: Summarizing the Evidence
Bochud, M., Marques-Vidal, P. M., Burnier, M., & Paccaud, F. (2011) · Public health reviews · doi:10.1007/bf03391649 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Bryła, P. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020293 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Knowledge and Attitudes Are Related to Selected Salt-Specific Behaviours among Australian Parents
Khokhar, D., Nowson, C. A., Margerison, C., Bolam, B., & Grimes, C. A. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10060720 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationThe use of table and cooking salt in a sample of Australian adults.
Grimes, C. A., Riddell, L. J., & Nowson, C. A. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationShah, P., Mahajan, H., Sompura, N. H., Sunil, A., & Naldurgakar, R. (2025) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.70021 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sodium Reduction in Bread Using Low‐Sodium Sea Salt
Miller, R. A., & Jeong, J. (2013) · Cereal Chemistry · doi:10.1094/cchem-05-13-0089-r · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Assessment of consumers’ level of engagement in following recommendations for lowering sodium intake
Mendoza, J., Schram, G. A., Arcand, J., Henson, S., & L’Abbé, M. R. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.10.007 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ahn, S., Kwon, J., Kim, K., & Kim, H. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9080808 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Efforts to Reduce Sodium Intake in Canada: Why, What, and When?
Vliet, B. N. V., & Campbell, N. R. C. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2011.04.012 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Khokhar, D., Nowson, C. A., Margerison, C., West, M. L., Campbell, K. J., Booth, A., & Grimes, C. A. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/12234 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationValidity and reliability of the Food-Life Questionnaire. Short form
Sharp, G., Hutchinson, A. D., Prichard, I. J., & Wilson, C. J. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.07.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Evaluation of an electronic tool to assess food label literacy in adult Australians: A pilot study
Ringland, E., Gifford, J. A., Denyer, G. S., Thai, D., Franklin, J. L., Stevenson, M., Prvan, T., & O'Connor, H. T. (2016) · Nutrition & Dietetics · doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12271 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chronic Kidney Disease Management in Developing Countries
Badro, D. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74786-2_27-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sarquis, A., Bajrami, D., Mizaikoff, B., Ladero, V., Álvarez, M. A., & Fernández, M. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12071503 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Reaching its limits”: industry perspectives on salt reduction
Lacey, C., Clark, B., Frewer, L. J., & Kuznesof, S. A. (2016) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-01-2016-0027 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nguyen-Anh, D., Umberger, W. J., & Zeng, D. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113335 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Condrasky, M. D., Hegler, M., Sharp, J. L., Carter, C., & Komar, G. R. (2015) · Journal of Culinary Science & Technology · doi:10.1080/15428052.2015.1015669 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Consumers’ Valuation for a Reduced Salt Product: A Nonhypothetical Choice Experiment
Lee, S. H., Han, D. B., Caputo, V., & Nayga, R. M. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d agroeconomie · doi:10.1111/cjag.12081 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Earmarking and the political support of fat taxes
Cremer, H., Goulão, C., & Roeder, K. (2016) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2016.03.005 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Less Salt, Same Taste: Food Marketing Strategies via Healthier Products
Campo, R., Rosato, P., & Giagnacovo, D. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12093916 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lee, J., & Park, S. (2015) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2015.9.6.644 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Dorsch, M. P., An, L. C., & Hummel, S. L. (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/11282 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Attitudes and beliefs of health risks associated with sodium intake in diabetes
Gray, K. L., Petersen, K. S., Clifton, P. M., & Keogh, J. B. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.08.004 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Salt, chefs, and public health: an exploratory investigation of hospitality professionals’
Murray, D. W., Hartwell, H., Feldman, C. H., & Mahadevan, M. (2015) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-07-2014-0237 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Knowledge, Attitude Referred to Health Centers on Salt Intake
Naghibi, S. A., Roghayeh, Y., & Charati, J. Y. (2012) · Majallah-i dānishgāh-i ̒ulūm-i pizishkī-i Māzandarān/Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sodium and ready meals: a survey of Irish consumer awareness
Mitchell, M., Brunton, N. P., & Wilkinson, M. G. (2011) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1470-6431.2011.00997.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Quality standards versus nutritional taxes: Health and welfare impacts with strategic firms
Réquillart, V., Soler, L. G., & Zang, Y. (2016) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2016.09.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Salt Intake and Knowledge of Salt Intake in a Chinese Population: A Crosssectional Study
Lou, T. L. Y. Q. P. (2015) · Internal Medicine Open Access · doi:10.4172/2165-8048.1000186 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sodium Intake Prediction with Health Promotion Model Constructs in Rural Hypertensive Patients
Kamran, A., Sharifirad, G., Shafaeei, Y., & Azadbakht, L. (2015) · Indian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.4103/0019-557x.157517 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Walsh, J. L., Aridi, H., Fathallah, J., Al‐Shaar, L., Alam, S., Nasreddine, L., & Isma’eel, H. (2018) · Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy · doi:10.21037/cdt.2017.12.02 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Intergenerational Transmission of Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases
Goulão, C., & Pérez‐Barahona, A. (2013) · Journal of Public Economic Theory · doi:10.1111/jpet.12069 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Fermentation Process Evaluation of a Sustainable and Innovative Miso Made from Alternative Legumes
Santos, R., Parente, B., Mota, M., Raymundo, A., & Prista, C. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14234131 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Khokhar, D., Nowson, C. A., Margerison, C., Bolam, B., & Grimes, C. A. (2019) · BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2018-000018 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationAge, time orientation and risk perception are major determinants of discretionary salt usage
Antúnez, L., Vidal, L., Giménez, A., Curutchet, M. R., & Ares, G. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.105924 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Intervenciones para reducir el consumo de sal a través del etiquetado
Sanz‐Valero, J., Sebastián-Ponce, M. I., & Wanden-Berghe, C. (2012) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.1590/s1020-49892012000400010 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Paltaki, A., Mantzouridou, F. T., Loizou, E., Chatzitheodoridis, F., Alvanoudi, P., Choutas, S., & Michailidis, A. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16062392 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Factors Affecting Salt Reduction Measure Adoption among Chinese Residents
Huang, Z., & Zeng, D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18020445 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE BESİN ETİKETİ OKUMA DAVRANIŞININ İNCELENMESİ
Arslan, E., Karahan, T. Ö., & Garipoğlu, G. (2022) · Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.34108/eujhs.915320 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Economic assessment of nutritional recommendations: A comment
Meunier, G. (2019) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.03.003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Influence of Dietary Salt Intake on T2D Treatment
Li, L., Mi, Y., Xu, M., Ruan, L., Sun, J., & Song, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.926143 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Eater-oriented knowledge framework for reducing salt and dietary sodium intake (scoping review)
Endaltseva, A., Cœurquetin, P., Thomas‐Danguin, T., Poulain, J., Tibère, L., & Dupuy, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1110446 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Grimes, C. A., Bolton, K. A., Lim, K., Khokhar, D., Santos, J. A., Trieu, K., Margerison, C., Reimers, J., Armstrong, S., Bolam, B., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15040991 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationCanyolu, B. A., & Özben, B. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14010141 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Westrick, S. C., Garza, K. B., Stevenson, T. L., & Oliver, W. D. (2014) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1331/japha.2014.13173 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Healthy Eating Knowledge among College Students in Muscat: A Self Reported Survey
Manickavas, A., Al-Mahdouri, A., Mufargi, A. M. S. A., Al-Souti, A. S., Mezeini, A. S. M., & Essa, M. M. (2014) · Pakistan Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3923/pjn.2014.397.403 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Grimes, C. A., Riddell, L. J., & Nowson, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Nowson, Caryl A.
- Venue
- Appetite
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-10
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-194
- ISSN
- 0195-6663 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1987133248
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 6.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Appetite (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- salt intake, food labeling, consumer knowledge, consumer attitudes, hypertension, low-salt foods, food shopping behaviour, label comprehension, consumer awareness
- MeSH terms
- Australia, Awareness, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Food Labeling, Health Education, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Risk Factors, Sodium Chloride, Dietary
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
