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Probiotics modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis and improve memory deficits in aged SAMP8 mice
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ProBiotic-4 is a probiotic preparation composed of Bifidobacterium lactis , Lactobacillus casei , Bifidobacterium bifidum , and Lactobacillus acidophilus . This study aims to investigate the effects of ProBiotic-4 on the microbiota–gut–brain axis and cognitive deficits , and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism using senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice. ProBiotic-4 was orally administered to 9-month-old SAMP8 mice for 12 weeks. We observed that ProBiotic-4 significantly improved the memory deficits , cerebral neuronal and synaptic injuries , glial activation, and microbiota composition in the feces and brains of aged SAMP8 mice. ProBiotic-4 substantially attenuated aging-related disruption of the intestinal barrier and blood–brain barrier, decreased interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor- α at both mRNA and protein levels, reduced plasma and cerebral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression, and nuclear factor- κ B (NF- κ B) nuclear translocation in the brain. In addition, not only did ProBiotic-4 significantly decreased the levels of γ -H2AX, 8-hydroxydesoxyguanosine, and retinoic-acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), it also abrogated RIG-I multimerization in the brain. These findings suggest that targeting gut microbiota with probiotics may have a therapeutic potential for the deficits of the microbiota–gut–brain axis and cognitive function in aging, and that its mechanism is associated with inhibition of both TLR4-and RIG-I-mediated NF- κ B signaling pathway and inflammatory responses.
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“Probiotic-4 (which contains Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Typhimurium, and Eosinophilus) has been shown to attenuate aging-related disruptions in the integrity of the blood–brain barrier and the intestinal barrier; in plasma and brain LPS levels; and in IL-6, TNF-α, TLR4, and NF-κB translocation in the brains of aged mice (104).”
From Modulation of the gut–brain axis via the gut microbiota: a new era in treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [104]
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Xie, J., Wang, L., Xu, Y., Ma, Y. Y., Zhang, L., Yin, W., & Huang, Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26710652
Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 Exhibits Superior Adhesion in a Human Intestinal Organoid-Derived Model
Jo, Y. M., Ahn, C. W., & Yun, J. (2025) · Food Supplements and Biomaterials for Health · doi:10.52361/fsbh.2025.5.e20 · Cited by 1
Lactobacillus casei Shirota and Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Literature Review
Raygoza, N. P., Monroy‐Torres, R., López-Guzmán, O., & Rodríguez-Aguilar, Y. V. (2025) · Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal · doi:10.13005/bpj/3278
“56 Therefore, since a decrease in the F/B ratio was observed in Yan’s study, 55 Lc S may exert an additional anti-inflammatory effect through this mechanism.”
D-mannose alleviates rotenone-induced PD mouse model through microbiota-gut-brain axis
Hong, Y., Ge, C., Jin, J., Gao, Y., & Tang, Y. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-36272-0
Functional foods and nutraceuticals as neuroprotectors
Ferreira, C., Vieira, P. G. S., Rincón, E. O., Reis, F., & Viana, S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33841-0.00014-2
Probiotic mixture enhances spatial memory via gut-brain axis modulation in mice
Lee, B.-H., Pan, I.-H., Li, K.-C., Cho, S.-C., Huang, C.-H., & Hsu, W.-H. (2026) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2026.107211 · Cited by 1
Pro-, Post- and Pre-biotics for Health and Longevity
Bas, M., & Kahrıman, M. (2026) · Healthy ageing and longevity · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11608-6_3
Gut–brain axis and cognitive health in the elderly: Contemporary evidence and Ayurvedic perspectives
Huilgol, P., Nayak, S., & Nambialil, D. V. (2026) · Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences · doi:10.4103/jras.jras_323_24
Xiao, Y., Yang, L., Feng, Y., Guo, M., Zhang, X., Zhao, J., & Chen, W. (2026) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2026.108772
Gut Microbiota‐Linked Benefits of Low‐Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Rejuvenate the Ageing Muscle
Jhuang, J.-H., Lan, K., Chang, T., Chan, D., & Liu, S. J. (2026) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.70291
“…Lactobacillus casei , Bifidobacterium bifidum , and Lactobacillus acidophilus ) improves gut microbiota–gut–brain axis dysfunction and cognitive deficits in aged senescence-accelerated mouse prone-8 (SAMP8) mice, likely by suppressing TLR4-and RIG- I-mediated NF-κB signalling and inflammation [34].”
Therapeutic Interventions: Modulating the Microbiome to Combat Neurodegeneration
Anandan, A., Unais, A. M., Prabhu, A. V., Saju, M. K., Sonaimuthu, K., Murugesan, H., Danielraj, F., Marimuthu, D., Shibu, M. A., & Viswanadha, V. P. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-7494-0_8
Pathological Remuneration of Oxidative Stress in Limiting Gut-Brain Axis
Kumar, R., Kashyap, A., & Naqvi, S. (2026) · Oxidative stress in applied basic research and clinical practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-19837-2_5
Jeong, H., Jang, Y. S., Lee, C., Choi, H., & Park, Y. (2026) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-026-13879-x
“In particular, suppression of IL-6 and TNF-α through inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signalling axis has been described in senescence-accelerated mouse models receiving probiotic supplementation (Yang et al. 2020).”
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“In models of aging-related cognitive decline in mice, elevated levels of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group have also been observed, suggesting its potential involvement in RICD [59].”
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“Furthermore, probiotic interventions beneficially modulate gut microbial composition by enriching SCFA-producing genera, thereby restoring both epithelial and BBB integrity and attenuating age-related neuroinflammation and cognitive decline (Yang et al., 2020).”
InfluentialDas, K., Khatun, R., Begum, S., Bhattacharyya, K., Datta, M., Saha, D., Sarma, A., Mehta, P., & Das, B. K. (2026) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-026-01922-9
“Abbreviations: LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; SCFAs, Short-chain fatty acids; DCs, Dendritic cells; Tregs, Regulatory T cells; RORγt, Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma t; Foxp3, Forkhead box protein P3; BBB, Blood-brain barrier; DAMPs, Damage-associated molecular patterns; TREM2, Triggering receptor expre…”
InfluentialLiang, X., Ning, T., Wang, Y., & Zhan, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1765044
“Dysbiosis increases intestinal permeability, ignites systemic immune activation, and drives a marked upregulation of inflammatory markers (Yang et al., 2020; Wei et al., 2023).”
Xu, Y., Zhang, G., Cui, X., & Sun, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2026.1838634
“Hesperidin, ProBiotic-4, and atorvastatin alleviate neuroinflammation and improve learning and memory by suppressing the TLR4/NF-κ B axis in animal models of AD (Ikram et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2018).”
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Intestinal Lactobacillus: Origins, colonization factors, diversity, and health associations
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Exploring the Microbiome-Kynurenine Axis in Mild Cognitive Impairment: From Gut to Brain
Zhu, J., Xie, H., Ouyang, Y., Zhu, T., Liu, Q., Liu, W., Xiong, S., & Liu, M. (2026) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/jin48660
Advances in Tricyclic Compounds for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Shi, Y., 廖心丹, & Yu, G. (2026) · ChemMedChem · doi:10.1002/cmdc.70384 · Cited by 1
“Emerging evidence also implicates epigenetic dysregulation and alterations in the gut microbiota in the onset and progression of LOAD [9 – 12].”
Mansour, R. M., Alam-ElDein, K. M., Mageed, S. S. A., El-Sayyad, G. S., Ghanem, A., Shaker, A. A. S., Mohammed, O. A., Farag, D. A. A., abdelnaby, M., Hathout, A., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70606
“For example, L. casei and Bifidobacterium lactis produce a probiotic that treats neuroinflammation and enhances aged mice's memory (Yang et al. 2020).”
Microbiome‐blood–brain barrier interactions in aging — mechanisms and therapeutic potential
Cuervo-Zanatta, D., Balasubramanian, H. B., Pasokh, A., & Zille, M. (2026) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.70412
Miller, B. C., Hoover, J., Yadav, H., & Jain, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2026.1815079
“…improve CI or Parkinson’s disease pathology by attenuating neuroinflammation and blood brain barrier integrity via toll-like receptor and nuclear factor kappa B signaling, suppression of inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α , and reduction of serum LPS (Zhao et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2020).”
Zeng, Y., Ma, Y., Chen, S., Zhang, L., & Li, H. (2026) · Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.4014/jmb.2605.05043
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Yang, X., Yu, D., Xue, L., Li, H., & Du, J.
- Affiliations
- Sichuan University (CN)
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Du, Junrong
- Venue
- Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-03
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 475-487
- ISSN
- 2211-3835 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7049608
- OpenAlex
- W2954864461
- Cited by
- 407
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 91 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 14
- FWCI
- 23.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81473219, 81973307)
- Sichuan Province Youth Science and Technology Innovation Team (2016TD0001)
- Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Antioxidants, Aging, Portulaca oleracea
- Keywords
- probiotics, microbiota-gut-brain axis, memory impairment, aging, SAMP8 mice, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier, intestinal barrier, lipopolysaccharide, TLR4, NF-κB signaling, RIG-I, oxidative stress, cognitive function
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