Testing the behavioral interaction and integration of attentional networks
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One current conceptualization of attention subdivides it into functions of alerting, orienting, and executive control. Alerting describes the function of tonically maintaining the alert state and phasically responding to a warning signal. Automatic and voluntary orienting are involved in the selection of information among multiple sensory inputs. Executive control describes a set of more complex operations that include detecting and resolving conflicts in order to control thoughts or behaviors. Converging evidence supports this theory of attention by showing that each function appears to be subserved by anatomically distinct networks in the brain and differentially innervated by various neuromodulatory systems. Although much research has been dedicated to understanding the functional separation of these networks in both healthy and disease states, the interaction and integration among these networks still remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to characterize possible behavioral interaction and integration in healthy adult volunteers using a revised attention network test (ANT-R) with cue-target interval and cue validity manipulations. We found that whereas alerting improves overall response speed, it exerts negative influence on executive control under certain conditions. A valid orienting cue enhances but an invalid cue diminishes the ability of executive control to overcome conflict. The results support the hypothesis of functional integration and interaction of these brain networks.
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The ANT-R is calibrated for healthy individuals to operate at high efficiency.
“The ANT-R is calibrated for healthy individuals to operate at high efficiency (Fan et al., 2009).”
From Externally orienting cues improve cognitive control in OCD (2024) · cites this paper as Fan et al., 2009
The Methods (§2.1, page unavailable) report testing young adult volunteers, and §2.2 says the ANT-R was designed to optimize attentional contrasts. But §2.2 says its changes were made to increase attentional demands, not that it was calibrated for healthy individuals to operate at high efficiency. The Results report 94% overall accuracy, which does not establish that design claim. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe alerting network is the most basic attentional network and enables functioning of the other two systems; impaired alerting reduces effectiveness of orienting and executive attention.
“The alerting network is the most basic attentional network and enables functioning of the other two systems; impaired alerting reduces effectiveness of orienting and executive attention (Fan et al., 2009).”
From Externally orienting cues improve cognitive control in OCD (2024) · cites this paper as Fan et al., 2009
Section 1.1.1 describes the alert state as critical for optimal performance in higher cognitive tasks, and Section 1.3 reports that alerting can enhance orienting. But the paper does not call alerting the most basic network or say that impaired alerting reduces the effectiveness of both other networks. The Discussion instead finds that alerting interferes with executive control under certain conditions. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigher efficiency of the alerting network is associated with higher efficiency of the executive network, but with lower additional executive benefits due to additional alerting benefits.
“The higher efficiency of alerting network is associated with the higher efficiency of executive network, but with the lower additional executive benefits due to the additional alerting benefits.”
From Externally orienting cues improve cognitive control in OCD (2024) · cites this paper as Fan et al., 2009
The Discussion reports that alerting cues improved overall response speed but increased the conflict effect, especially at a 400 ms cue–target interval. This supports reduced executive-control benefit under certain alerting conditions. It does not support the broader claim that people with more efficient alerting also have more efficient executive control: Results §3.3 says the flanker conflict effect was not significantly correlated with other network scores. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredANT-R is calibrated for healthy individuals to perform at a high level of efficiency and, consequently, with very small room for additional improvement in efficiency of the executive network.
“ANT-R (Fan et al., 2009) is calibrated for healthy individuals to be able to perform at a high level of efficiency and, consequently, with very small room for additional improvement in efficiency of the executive network.”
From Externally orienting cues improve cognitive control in OCD (2024) · cites this paper as Fan et al., 2009
The Methods (§2.2) identify this paper as the source of ANT-R, and the study used healthy adult volunteers. The Results (§3) report 94% overall accuracy, but the paper does not say ANT-R was calibrated to leave little room for improvement in executive-network efficiency; the Discussion (§4) instead reports improved executive-control performance with valid orienting cues. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe three attentional networks support distinct attentional functions but operate interdependently.
“While these networks support distinct attentional functions, they operate interdependently.”
From Externally orienting cues improve cognitive control in OCD (2024) · cites this paper as Fan et al., 2009
The test-retest reliability of ANT-R measures used in this study has been reported to be acceptable, with test-retest correlations ranging from r = 0.42-0.45 for alerting benefits to r = 0.72-0.84 for conflict costs.
“The test-retest reliability of ANT-R measures used in this study has been reported to be acceptable, with test-retest correlations ranging from r = 0.42-0.45 for alerting benefits to r = 0.72-0.84 for conflict costs (Fan et al., 2009; Mackie et al., 2013; Spagna et al., 2015).”
From Externally orienting cues improve cognitive control in OCD (2024) · cites this paper as Fan et al., 2009
Methods §2.2 describes the ANT-R and its alerting and conflict measures, but does not report their test–retest reliability. Results §3.3 reports correlations between different network measurements, not correlations across test sessions. Searches for test–retest reliability and the stated correlation ranges found no passage addressing them. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAlerting and orienting mechanisms interact.
“Although anatomically distinct and functionally independent, alerting and orienting mechanisms do interact (Callejas, Lupianez, Funes, & Tudela, 2005; Callejas, Lupianez, & Tudela, 2004; Fan et al., 2009; Fuentes & Campoy, 2008).”
From Atypical attentional networks and the emergence of autism (2013) · cites this paper as Fan et al., 2009
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Fan, J., Gu, X., Guise, K. G., Liu, X., Fossella, J., Wang, H., & Posner, M. I.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fan, Jin
- Venue
- Brain and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 209-220
- ISSN
- 0278-2626 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2674119
- OpenAlex
- W2144464029
- Cited by
- 458
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 8.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH083164, R21MH083164)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- attentional networks, alerting, orienting, executive function, cue-target interval, cue validity, conflict resolution, response speed, neuromodulation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Attention, Cognition, Conflict, Psychological, Cues, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Task Performance and Analysis, Linear Models, Young Adult
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