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The neural basis of cognitive control: Response selection and inhibition
Open accessAbstract
The functional neuroanatomy of tasks that recruit different forms of response selection and inhibition has to our knowledge, never been directly addressed in a single fMRI study using similar stimulus-response paradigms where differences between scanning time and sequence, stimuli, and experimenter instructions were minimized. Twelve right-handed participants were scanned on two standard cognitive control tasks, a stimulus-response incompatibility task, and a response inhibition task. A compound trial design allowed comparison of preparing to inhibit an upcoming automatic response to wholly inhibiting an automatic response. Furthermore, inhibiting an automatic response to perform an alternative task-relevant response was compared to wholly inhibiting an automatic response. No differences were found in prefrontal activity when preparing to inhibit an automatic response was compared to wholly inhibiting an automatic response, suggesting a mostly common network. The left inferior frontal gyrus was found to be commonly recruited during both tasks when controlled responses were required, likely due to its role in response selection. In contrast, the right inferior frontal gyrus was found to be more involved when task demands were stronger for response inhibition. Our results are largely consistent with models of cognitive control that postulate that separate psychological constructs, such as response selection and inhibition, are related processes largely served by a common prefrontal network. This prefrontal network is recruited to a greater or lesser extent depending on specific task demands.
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“…while the rIFG is crucial for response inhibition processes, the lIFG seems to be involved mainly in the retrieval and representation of a task-related set of rules (Cai and Leung, 2011), as well as in the selection of task-relative information in conflict situations (Goghari and MacDonald, 2009).”
BackgroundSeok, J., Vaughan, B. S., Lew, B. J., Ahmad, A., Blair, J., & Hwang, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33979-2 · Cited by 18
Perceived burdensomeness and neural responses to ostracism in the Cyberball task
Le, T. M., Zhornitsky, S., Wang, W., & Li, C. R. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.015 · Cited by 17
“The regulation of social behaviors involves cognitive control, a function previously associated with the MFG (Goghari and MacDonald, 2009), AI (Cai et al., 2014), dACC (MacDonald et al., 2000), and other dmPFC regions (Hu et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialWang, D., Han, L., Xi, C., Xu, Y., Lai, J., Lu, S., Huang, M., Hu, J., Wei, N., Xu, W., et al. (2020) · Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.21037/qims.2020.03.07 · Cited by 15
“07 to inhibit learning from undesirable information (43).”
BackgroundHao, X., Geng, F., Wang, T., Hu, Y., & Huang, K. (2021) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.015 · Cited by 16
Cross-task specificity and within-task invariance of cognitive control processes
Xiao, Y., Chou, C., Cosgrove, G. R., Crone, N. E., Stone, S. S. D., Madsen, J. R., Reucroft, I., Shih, Y., Weisholtz, D. S., Yu, H., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111919 · Cited by 14
“Several previous studies reported signals that differ between incongruent and congruent trials at the level of individual neurons,(28,51) intracranial field potentials, in scalp electroencephalography signals,(21,23,24) and in functional neuroimaging signals.(8,18,44,45) Most previous studies leveraged a single task,…”
BackgroundIs transcranial direct current stimulation a potential method for improving response inhibition?
Kwon, Y. H., & Kwon, J. W. (2013) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.11.011 · Cited by 13
“Many studies have investigated the underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms of response inhibition in executive control [1-3] .”
BackgroundIs there an inferior frontal cortical network for cognitive control and inhibition?
Neubert, F.-X., Mars, R. B., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199837755.003.0026 · Cited by 13
“A number of other studies have also recently reported that IFG and pre-SMA are active not just when subjects have to stop themselves from making a response but also when they have to switch from one response to another (Goghari & MacDonald, 2009; Kenner et al., 2010).”
MethodResultThe neural basis of intergroup threat effect on social attention
Chen, Y., Zhao, Y., Song, H., Guan, L., & Wu, X. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep41062 · Cited by 13
Khalil, R., Karim, A. A., Kondinska, A., & Godde, B. (2020) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-020-02110-w · Cited by 14
Evidence of residual cognitive deficits in young adults with a concussion history from adolescence
Caffey, A. L., & Dalecki, M. (2021) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147570 · Cited by 12
Ceceli, A. O., Huang, Y., Kronberg, G., McClain, N. E., King, S. G., Butelman, E. R., Alia‐Klein, N., & Goldstein, R. Z. (2025) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-040725-025923 · Cited by 16
“…measure that estimates the stopping of an initiated response (Verbruggen & Logan 2008), the go/no-go task, which measures response selection (Goghari & MacDonald 2009), and the flanker and Stroop tasks, which index attentional interference (for details on each task, see Ceceli et al. 2022a).”
McLaughlin, D. J., Brown, V. A., Carraturo, S., & Engen, K. J. V. (2022) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-021-02423-w · Cited by 11
Scheffer, M., Monteiro, J. K., & de Almeida, R. M. M. (2011) · Psychology & Neuroscience · doi:10.3922/j.psns.2011.2.012 · Cited by 11
Seo, J., Lee, J., & Min, B. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120612 · Cited by 10
“The predominant functions of cognitive control are response selection and inhibition (Goghari and MacDonald III, 2009).”
Schmidt, C. C., Timpert, D. C., Arend, I. C., Vossel, S., Dovern, A., Saliger, J., Karbe, H., Fink, G. R., Henik, A., & Weiss, P. H. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00414 · Cited by 10
Johnson, L., Fitzhugh, M. C., Yi, Y., Mickelsen, S., Baxter, L. C., Howard, P., & Rogalsky, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01626 · Cited by 10
Dysfunctional Neural Processes Underlying Context Processing Deficits in Schizophrenia
Kang, S. S., MacDonald, A. W., & Sponheim, S. R. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.03.012 · Cited by 10
Brain lateralization of complex movement: Neuropsychological evidence from unilateral stroke
Flores-Medina, Y., Chávez-Oliveros, M., Medina, L. D., Rodríguez‐Agudelo, Y., & Solís‐Vivanco, R. (2014) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2013.11.010 · Cited by 10
“…years, several works have explored this process in other domains such as working memory (Wagner, Sziklas, Gaver, & Jones-Gotman, 2009), face and word recognition (Mercure et al., 2009), cognitive control (Goghari & MacDonald, 2009), and other executive functions (Horn, Berman, & Weinberger, 1996).”
BackgroundExecutive Function Associations With Audibility-Adjusted Speech Perception in Noise
Eckert, M. A., Matthews, L. J., Vaden, K. I., & Dubno, J. R. (2024) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-24-00333 · Cited by 8
The Neural Basis of Deception and Credibility Assessment
Johnson, R. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394433-7.00006-3 · Cited by 8
Intharakham, K., Panerai, R. B., & Robinson, T. G. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266048 · Cited by 8
“Thirdly, cognitive stimulation of some brain areas leads to inhibition of other cortical centres [70].”
BackgroundSuchy, Y., Lee, J. N., & Marchand, W. R. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.07.004 · Cited by 7
Kazinczi, C., Szépfalusi, N., Németh, V. L., Holczer, A., Jakab, K. T., Vécsei, L., Klivènyi, P., Must, A., & Racsmány, M. (2025) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-025-04042-6 · Cited by 7
“Cognitive control (CC) training through CCT encompasses skills such as attention, working memory, and inhibition [26]; which are vital for emotion regulation and mitigating depressive and anxiety symptoms [27].”
Chiang, H., Mudar, R. A., Dugas, C. S., Motes, M. A., Kraut, M. A., & Hart, J. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3490 · Cited by 5
“…and termination of search (Becker et al., 2020; Li et al., 2017; Olivers et al., 2005; Pollmann et al., 2000), frontal activity for selection and inhibition (Goghari & MacDonald, 2009; Maril et al., 2001; Mostofsky & Simmonds, 2008; Rae et al., 2014), frontal and more diffuse centro-4of17”
BackgroundElmers, J., Mückschel, M., Akgün, K., Ziemssen, T., & Beste, C. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-07974-4 · Cited by 7
Ran, M., Zhang, H., Jin, M., Tao, Y., Xu, H., Zou, S., Wang, Z., Deng, F., Huang, L., Zhang, H., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1487754 · Cited by 5
Lissek, S., Klass, A., & Tegenthoff, M. (2022) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107672 · Cited by 4
“, 2010), response inhibition (Goghari et al., 2009), and context monitoring (Chatham et al.”
BackgroundExploring emotion regulation in PTSD with Insomnia: A task-based fMRI study
Zhang, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, X., Liu, Y., Liu, S., Zhao, J., Liu, L., Yu, P., & Ren, Z. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.06.002 · Cited by 4
Zhang, T., Zhao, X., Yeo, B. T. T., Huo, X., Eickhoff, S. B., & Ji, C. (2026) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaf218 · Cited by 5
Romanczuk‐Seiferth, N., & Thienel, R. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-29800-4_22 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Goghari, V. M., & MacDonald, A. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goghari, Vina M.
- Venue
- Brain and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 72-83
- ISSN
- 0278-2626 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2905055
- OpenAlex
- W2092573319
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066629, R21MH079262)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Free Will and Agency
- Keywords
- cognitive control, response selection, response inhibition, stimulus-response compatibility, prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, automated response, task demands
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Inhibition, Psychological, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neurons, Neuropsychological Tests, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time
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