Shared and drug-specific effects of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on inhibitory brain dysfunction in medication-naive ADHD boys
Open accessAbstract
The stimulant methylphenidate (MPX) and the nonstimulant atomoxetine (ATX) are the most commonly prescribed medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, no functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study has as yet investigated the effects of ATX on inhibitory or any other brain function in ADHD patients or compared its effects with those of MPX. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pharmacological design was used to compare the neurofunctional effects of single doses of MPX, ATX, and placebo during a stop task, combined with fMRI within 19 medication-naive ADHD boys, and their potential normalization effects relative to 29 age-matched healthy boys. Compared with controls, ADHD boys under placebo showed bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal, middle temporal, and cerebellar underactivation. Within patients, MPX relative to ATX and placebo significantly upregulated right ventrolateral prefrontal activation, which correlated with enhanced inhibitory capacity. Relative to controls, both drugs significantly normalized the left ventrolateral prefrontal underactivation observed under placebo, while MPX had a drug-specific effect of normalizing right ventrolateral prefrontal and cerebellar underactivation observed under both placebo and ATX. The findings show shared and drug-specific effects of MPX and ATX on performance and brain activation during inhibitory control in ADHD patients with superior upregulation and normalization effects of MPX.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the authors' four fMRI studies comparing single dosages of methylphenidate and atomoxetine versus placebo on brain activation in children and adolescents with ADHD, reduced activation in frontal, parietal, temporal, and insular-striatal regions during cognitive tasks can be increased (and even normalized) by both stimulant and non-stimulant medications.
“Thus, in our four fMRI studies comparing the effects of single dosages of methylphenidate and atomoxetine versus placebo on brain activation in children and adolescents with ADHD (45, 85–87), we found that reduced activation in frontal, parietal, temporal, and insular-striatal regions during cognitive tasks can be increased (and even normalized) by both stimulant and non-stimulant medications.”
From Differential effects of a single dose of Lisdexamfetamine and Guanfacine on cognitive function in children with ADHD (2025) · cites this paper as [85]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAcute methylphenidate normalized the underactivation in right IFC in ADHD patients under placebo compared with healthy control subjects during inhibition and timing processes.
“Furthermore, acute methylphenidate normalized the underactivation in right IFC that was observed in ADHD patients under placebo compared with healthy control subjects during inhibition and timing processes [see also 23, 24], which has also been observed previously during interference inhibition (17), motor inhibition 18, 23, WM (72), and TD (4) (Table S2 in Supplement 1).”
From Effects of stimulants on brain function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [23]
The Discussion reports that methylphenidate normalized right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (right inferior frontal cortex) underactivation in ADHD boys relative to healthy controls during a motor-inhibition task. The Methods describe a stop task, not a timing-process task, so this source does not support the timing portion of the claim. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe active compared to the control group showed significantly enhanced activation in rIFC in the Stop task after fMRI-NF training compared to before, comparable to rIFC upregulation effects previously observed with stimulant medication during the same task.
“Furthermore, the active compared to the control group showed significantly enhanced activation in rIFC in the Stop task after the fMRI-NF training compared to before, comparable to the rIFC upregulation effects we have previously observed with stimulant medication during the same task (Rubia et al., 2011b, 2014b; Cubillo et al., 2014).”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Cubillo et al., 2014
ROI fMRI studies found methylphenidate significantly enhanced right IFC activation during motor inhibition.
“but significantly enhanced right IFC activation during motor inhibition (23)”
From Effects of stimulants on brain function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [23]
The ACC/SMA cluster reduction in the stop task analysis was partly due to increased deactivation with methylphenidate (more activation during the go condition).
“However, a similar cluster in our stop task analysis (Table 3) was partly due to increased deactivation with methylphenidate (i.e., more activation during the go condition) (Figure S4 in Supplement 1), which was also observed in the ROI analysis (23) and other studies 19, 20, 74.”
From Effects of stimulants on brain function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [23]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,767 · see citing works
Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain
Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn755 · Cited by 12,881 · see citing works
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
Dumont, R., Willis, J. O., Veizel, K., & Zibulsky, J. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese2519 · Cited by 5,547 · see citing works
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
Wechsler, D. (1999) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t15170-000 · Cited by 4,681 · see citing works
Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709 · Cited by 4,472 · see citing works
Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex
Aron, A. R., Robbins, T. W., & Poldrack, R. A. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.02.010 · Cited by 3,197 · see citing works
Berridge, C. W., & Waterhouse, B. D. (2003) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(03)00143-7 · Cited by 2,529 · see citing works
Misunderstanding analysis of covariance.
Miller, G. A., & Chapman, J. P. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.40 · Cited by 2,136 · see citing works
Stop-signal inhibition disrupted by damage to right inferior frontal gyrus in humans
Aron, A. R., Fletcher, P. C., Bullmore, E. T., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1003 · Cited by 1,771 · see citing works
Aron, A. R., & Poldrack, R. A. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4682-05.2006 · Cited by 1,630 · see citing works
The primate basal ganglia: Parallel and integrative networks
Haber, S. N. (2003) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2003.10.003 · Cited by 1,479 · see citing works
Goodman, R., & Scott, S. (1999) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1022658222914 · Cited by 1,420 · see citing works
Bymaster, F. (2002) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(02)00346-9 · Cited by 1,123 · see citing works
Bullmore, E. T., Suckling, J., Overmeyer, S., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Taylor, E., & Brammer, M. J. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/42.750253 · Cited by 1,088 · see citing works
Self-citationRubia, K., Overmeyer, S., Taylor, E., Brammer, M., Williams, S. C. R., Simmons, A., & Bullmore, E. T. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.6.891 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
Self-citationInsights into the neural basis of response inhibition from cognitive and clinical neuroscience
Chambers, C. D., Garavan, H., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.016 · Cited by 938 · see citing works
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., Gatley, S. J., Logan, J., Ding, Y.-S., Hitzemann, R., & Pappas, N. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.10.1325 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Why IQ is not a covariate in cognitive studies of neurodevelopmental disorders
DENNIS, M., FRANCIS, D. J., CIRINO, P. T., SCHACHAR, R., BARNES, M. A., & FLETCHER, J. M. (2009) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617709090481 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Rubia, K., Smith, A. B., Brammer, M. J., & Taylor, E. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00275-1 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Self-citationVaidya, C. J., Austin, G., Kirkorian, G., Ridlehuber, H. W., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.24.14494 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
Interference resolution: Insights from a meta-analysis of neuroimaging tasks
NEE, D. E., WAGER, T. D., & JONIDES, J. (2007) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.7.1.1 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
Asymmetric neural control systems in human self-regulation.
Tucker, D. M., & Williamson, P. A. (1984) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.91.2.185 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Left inferior frontal gyrus is critical for response inhibition
Swick, D., Ashley, V., & Turken, A. U. (2008) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-9-102 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
del Campo, N., Chamberlain, S. R., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.036 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Conners, C. K., Sitarenios, G., Parker, J. D. A., & Epstein, J. N. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1022606501530 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Behrmann, M., Geng, J. J., & Shomstein, S. (2004) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.012 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Derrfuss, J., Brass, M., Neumann, J., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20127 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Nakao, T., Radua, J., Rubia, K., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020281 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalysis of a large fMRI cohort: statistical and methodological issues for group analyses
Thirion, B., Pinel, P., Mériaux, S., Roche, A., Dehaene, S., & Poline, J.-B. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.054 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Executive "Brake Failure" following Deactivation of Human Frontal Lobe
Chambers, C. D., Bellgrove, M. A., Stokes, M. G., Henderson, T. R., Garavan, H., Robertson, I. H., Morris, A. P., & Mattingley, J. B. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892906775990606 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Downar, J., Crawley, A. P., Mikulis, D. J., & Davis, K. D. (2002) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00636.2001 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Executive “Brake Failure” following Deactivation of Human Frontal Lobe
Chambers, C. D., Bellgrove, M. A., Stokes, M. G., Henderson, T. R., Garavan, H., Robertson, I. H., Morris, A. P., & Mattingley, J. B. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.3.444 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Aron, A. R., Durston, S., Eagle, D. M., Logan, G. D., Stinear, C. M., & Stuphorn, V. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3644-07.2007 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Rubia, K., Smith, A. B., Brammer, M. J., Toone, B., & Taylor, E. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1067 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Self-citationDistinct frontal systems for response inhibition, attentional capture, and error processing
Sharp, D. J., Bonnelle, V., De Boissezon, X., Beckmann, C. F., James, S. G., Patel, M. C., & Mehta, M. A. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1000175107 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Frodl, T., & Skokauskas, N. (2012) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01786.x · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Cubillo, A., Halari, R., Smith, A., Taylor, E., & Rubia, K. (2012) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.04.007 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Self-citationGeneric brain activation mapping in functional magnetic resonance imaging: A nonparametric approach
Brammer, M. J., Bullmore, E. T., Simmons, A., Williams, S., Grasby, P. M., Howard, R. J., Woodruff, P. W. R., & Rabe‐Hesketh, S. (1997) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/s0730-725x(97)00135-5 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Self-citationRubia, K. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.023 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Self-citationAlderson, R. M., Rapport, M. D., & Kofler, M. J. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9131-6 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Rubia, K., Smith, A. B., Taylor, E., & Brammer, M. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20347 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Self-citationRubia, K., Halari, R., Cubillo, A., Mohammad, A.-M., Brammer, M., & Taylor, E. (2009) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.08.013 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Self-citationRubia, K., Smith, A. B., Halari, R., Matsukura, F., Mohammad, M., Taylor, E., & Brammer, M. J. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08020212 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Self-citationRubia, K., Halari, R., Christakou, A., & Taylor, E. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0014 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Self-citationChamberlain, S. R., Hampshire, A., Müller, U., Rubia, K., del Campo, N., Craig, K. J., Regenthal, R., John Suckling, A., Roiser, J. P., Grant, J. E., et al. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.014 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, A. B., Taylor, E., Brammer, M., Toone, B., & Rubia, K. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1044 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of methylphenidate on inhibitory control in hyperactive children
Tannock, R., Schachar, R. J., Carr, R. P., Chajczyk, D., & Logan, G. D. (1989) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00916508 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Atomoxetine improved response inhibition in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Chamberlain, S. R., del Campo, N., Dowson, J., Müller, U., Clark, L., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. J. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.003 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
GREENHILL, L. L., SWANSON, J. M., VITIELLO, B., DAVIES, M., CLEVENGER, W., WU, M., ARNOLD, L. E., ABIKOFF, H. B., BUKSTEIN, O. G., CONNERS, C. K., et al. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200102000-00012 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Pliszka, S. R., Glahn, D. C., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Franklin, C., Perez III, R., Xiong, J., & Liotti (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1052 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Chevrier, A. D., Noseworthy, M. D., & Schachar, R. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20355 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Kim, S., Rostrup, E., Larsson, H. B. W., Ogawa, S., & Paulson, O. B. (1999) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(199906)41:6 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Peterson, B. S., Potenza, M. N., Wang, Z., Zhu, H., Martin, A., Marsh, R., Plessen, K. J., & Yu, S. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08050724 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Fusar-Poli, P., Rubia, K., Rossi, G., Sartori, G., & Balottin, U. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11060940 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-citationHannestad, J., Gallezot, J.-D., Planeta-Wilson, B., Lin, S.-F., Williams, W. A., van Dyck, C. H., Malison, R. T., Carson, R. E., & Ding, Y.-S. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.017 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Rubia, K., Cubillo, A., Smith, A. B., Woolley, J., Heyman, I., & Brammer, M. J. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20864 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationShafritz, K. M., Marchione, K. E., Gore, J. C., Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.1990 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Rubia, K., Halari, R., Cubillo, A., Smith, A. B., Mohammad, A.-M., Brammer, M., & Taylor, E. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.30 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationKonrad, K., Günther, T., Hanisch, C., & Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200402000-00015 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
The Effect of Methylphenidate on Three Forms of Response Inhibition in Boys with AD/HD
Scheres, A., Oosterlaan, J., Swanson, J., Morein-Zamir, S., Meiran, N., Schut, H., Vlasveld, L., & Sergeant, J. A. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1021729501230 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Statistics Notes: Interaction 2: compare effect sizes not P values
Matthews, J. N. S., & Altman, D. G. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7060.808 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Epstein, J. N., Casey, B. J., Tonev, S. T., Davidson, M. C., Reiss, A. L., Garrett, A., Hinshaw, S. P., Greenhill, L. L., Glover, G., Shafritz, K. M., et al. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01761.x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Rubia, K., Halari, R., Mohammad, A.-M., Taylor, E., & Brammer, M. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.04.018 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationRubia, K., Smith, A. B., Brammer, M. J., & Taylor, E. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.02.024 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationRubia, K., Halari, R., Smith, A. B., Mohammed, M., Scott, S., Giampietro, V., Taylor, E., & Brammer, M. J. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07071084 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationBedard, A.-C., Ickowicz, A., Logan, G. D., Hogg-Johnson, S., Schachar, R., & Tannock, R. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1023285614844 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Tamm, L., Menon, V., & Reiss, A. L. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1033 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Rubia, K., Halari, R., Cubillo, A., Mohammad, A., Scott, S., & Brammer, M. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20975 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neural basis of cognitive control: response selection and inhibition
Goghari, V. M., & MacDonald, A. W. (2009) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.04.004 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Nandam, L. S., Hester, R., Wagner, J., Cummins, T. D. R., Garner, K., Dean, A. J., Kim, B.-N., Nathan, P. J., Mattingley, J. B., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.11.014 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Hanwella, R., Senanayake, M., & de Silva, V. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-176 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Bridgett, D. J., & Walker, M. E. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.1.1 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Weissman, D. H., & Woldorff, M. G. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh187 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Witcher, J. W., Long, A. J., Smith, B. P., Sauer, J., Heilgenstein, J., Wilens, T. E., Spencer, T. J., & Biederman, J. (2003) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/104454603321666199 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Chan, Y.-P. M., Swanson, J. M., Soldin, S. S., Thiessen, J. J., MacLeod, S. M., & Logan, W. J. (1983) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.72.1.56 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Brain network dynamics during error commission
Stevens, M. C. G., Kiehl, K. A., Pearlson, G. D., & Calhoun, V. D. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20478 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
DeVito, E. E., Blackwell, A. D., Clark, L., Kent, L., Dezsery, A. M., Turner, D. C., Aitken, M. R. F., & Sahakian, B. J. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1337-y · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Konrad, K., Neufang, S., Fink, G. R., & Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318157cb3b · Cited by 91 · see citing works
An fMRI Auditory Oddball Study of Combined-Subtype Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Stevens, M. C., Pearlson, G. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06050876 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of Error Monitoring Modulated by Atomoxetine in Healthy Volunteers
Graf, H., Abler, B., Freudenmann, R. W., Beschoner, P., Schaeffeler, E., Spitzer, M., Schwab, M. G., & Grön, G. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.10.018 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Methylphenidate Effects on Neural Activity During Response Inhibition in Healthy Humans
Costa, A. C. L., Riedel, M. J., Pogarell, O. M., Menzel-Zelnitschek, F., Schwarz, M., Reiser, M. F., Möller, H., Rubia, K., Meindl, T., & Ettinger, U. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs107 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Maudsley Handbook of Practical Psychiatry
Owen, G. S., Wessely, S. C., & Murray, R. M. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199661701.001.0001 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Core ADHD Symptom Improvement With Atomoxetine Versus Methylphenidate
Hazell, P., Kohn, M. R., Dickson, R. A., Walton, R., Granger, R. E., & van Wyk, G. W. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710379737 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Montoya, A. G., Amaia Hervas, G., Cardo, E., Artigas-Pallarés, J., Mardomingo, M. J., Alda, J. A., Gastaminza, X., García-Polavieja, M. J., Gilaberte, I., & Escobar, R. (2009) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007990903316152 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Methylphenidate hydrochloride given with or before breakfast
Swanson, J. M., Sandman, C. A., Deutsch, C., et al. (1983) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198311000-00019 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Gallezot, J., Weinzimmer, D. P., Nabulsi, N., Lin, S.-F., Fowles, K., Sandiego, C. M., McCarthy, T. J., Maguire, R. P., Carson, R. E., & Ding, Y. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.040 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Methylphenidate Effects on Prefrontal Functioning During Attentional-Capture and Response Inhibition
Pauls, A. M., O'Daly, O. G., Rubia, K., Riedel, W. J., Williams, S. C. R., & Mehta, M. A. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.028 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationLijffijt, M., Kenemans, J. L., ter Wal, A., Quik, E. H., Kemner, C., Westenberg, H. G. M., Verbaten, M. N., & van Engeland, H. (2005) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.003 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
van Wyk, G. W., Hazell, P., Kohn, M. R., Granger, R. E., & Walton, R. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710389989 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Liddle (2001) · doi:10.1002/1097-0193(200102)12:2
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fineberg, N. A., Chamberlain, S. R., Goudriaan, A. E., Stein, D. J., Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., Gillan, C. M., Shekar, S., Gorwood, P. A. P. M., Voon, V., Morein-Zamir, S., et al. (2014) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852913000801 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Rubia, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00100 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Self-citationRubia, K., Alegria, A. A., Cubillo, A. I., Smith, A. B., Brammer, M. J., & Radua, J. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.016 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
“and timing processes [see also (23,24)], which has also been observed previously during interference inhibition (17), motor inhibition (18,23), WM (72), and TD (4) (Table S2 in Supplement 1).”
InfluentialSelf-citationLukito, S., Norman, L., Carlisi, C., Radua, J., Hart, H., Simonoff, E., & Rubia, K. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000574 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationResponse Inhibition and Interference Control in Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
van Velzen, L. S., Vriend, C., de Wit, S. J., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00419 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Imaging the ADHD brain: disorder-specificity, medication effects and clinical translation
Rubia, K., Alegria, A., & Brinson, H. (2014) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2014.907526 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationHulvershorn, L. A., Mennes, M., Castellanos, F. X., Di Martino, A., Milham, M. P., Hummer, T. A., & Roy, A. K. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.11.012 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Tamminga, H. G. H., Reneman, L., Huizenga, H. M., & Geurts, H. M. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716000350 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Chantiluke, K., Barrett, N., Giampietro, V., Santosh, P., Brammer, M., Simmons, A., Murphy, D. G., & Rubia, K. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3837-2 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationCarlisi, C. O., Norman, L., Murphy, C. M., Christakou, A., Chantiluke, K., Giampietro, V., Simmons, A., Brammer, M., Murphy, D. G., MRC AIMS consortium, et al. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717001088 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional imaging changes in the medial prefrontal cortex in adult ADHD
Salavert, J., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Moreno-Alcázar, A., Caseras, X., Palomar, G., Radua, J., Bosch, R., Salvador, R., McKenna, P. J., Casas, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715611492 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Isfandnia, F., El Masri, S., Radua, J., & Rubia, K. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105703 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationGriffiths, K. R., Leikauf, J. E., Tsang, T. W., Clarke, S., Hermens, D. F., Efron, D., Williams, L. M., & Kohn, M. R. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.03.009 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
From neurons to brain networks, pharmacodynamics of stimulant medication for ADHD
Parlatini, V., Bellato, A., Murphy, D., & Cortese, S. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105841 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
McKenna, R., Rushe, T., & Woodcock, K. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00154 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pan, N., Ma, T., Liu, Y., Zhang, S., Hu, S., Shekara, A., Cao, H., Gong, Q., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172400285x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Neurochemical Modulation of Prefrontal Control Processes
Robbins, T. W., & Kehagia, A. A. (2017) · The Wiley Handbook of Cognitive Control · doi:10.1002/9781118920497.ch19 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
El Masri, S., Kowalczyk, O. S., Chiu, T. H., Criaud, M., Lukito, S., Mazibuko, N., Salazar de Pablo, G., Perez Rodriguez, V., Makos, O., Lam, S.-L., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1676472
Self-citation
- Authors
- Cubillo, A., Smith, A. B., Barrett, N., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., & Rubia, K.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rubia, Katya
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-10-09
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 174-185
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC3862268
- OpenAlex
- W2141333481
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 9
- FWCI
- 8.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- atomoxetine, methylphenidate, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inhibitory control, stop-signal task, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, brain activation
- MeSH terms
- Atomoxetine Hydrochloride, Adolescent, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Analysis of Variance, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Catecholamines, Child, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Inhibition, Psychological, Intelligence Tests, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Methylphenidate, Movement, Neuropsychological Tests, Propylamines, Psychomotor Performance, Case-Control Studies, Prefrontal Cortex, Cross-Over Studies, Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
